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The Cold War Begins

The Cold War Begins. Harry S. Truman. VP in the Dark Background April 12, 1945: Roosevelt dies; Truman sworn in April 1945: Creation of the UN Potsdam: July 1945. Return to Normalcy?. Demobilization Fear: 12 million soldiers come home to need work Shortages Strikes

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The Cold War Begins

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  1. The Cold War Begins

  2. Harry S. Truman • VP in the Dark • Background • April 12, 1945: Roosevelt dies; Truman sworn in • April 1945: Creation of the UN • Potsdam: July 1945

  3. Return to Normalcy? • Demobilization Fear: 12 million soldiers come home to need work • Shortages • Strikes • New Government Role: Economic Regulation • Employment Act of 1946

  4. Return to Normalcy? II • GI Bill of Rights: • Home or Business Loan: 2000 dollars • Higher Education Grants: 80% of Gis go back to school • But women pushed out of colleges • Many Women Back to the Home • Eventually leads to Feminism in 50s and 60s

  5. The Quest for Housing • Levittowns • Federal Loans • Suburbia • The Baby Boom

  6. Civil Rights • Committee on Civil Rights: 1946 • NAACP initiates a wave of lawsuits vs. Discrimination • Executive Order 9981: July 1948 desegregation of the military • End of Sports Discrimination • Jackie Robinson--Brooklyn Dodgers 1947

  7. Jackie Robinson

  8. Truman, 1948 Election, and the Fair Deal (I) • 1946 Midterms • Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 • Taxes • Thomas Dewey: Liberal Republican

  9. Truman, 1948 Election, and the Fair Deal (II) • Democrats Divided • Main party chooses Truman and his Fair Deal • States Rights Party: Dixiecrats: Strom Thurmond • Henry Wallace and Progressive Party

  10. Truman, 1948 Election, and the Fair Deal (III) • The Whistlestop Campaign • Truman’s Civil Rights Program • The Election • “Dewey Wins” mistake • Truman: 24.18 million, 303 EV • Dewey: 22 million and 189 EV • Thurmond: 1.176 million and 39 EV • Wallace: 1.16 million and 0 EV

  11. Truman, 1948 Election, and the Fair Deal (IV) • Conservative Resistance • Extend social security • Increase minimum wage • Subsidize Housing • Reform and trim the Bureaucracy, following recommendations by ex-President Hoover's commission.

  12. Atomic Diplomacy • Brief Monopoly • Partition of Germany • Baruch Plan • Iron Curtain Speech: Churchill, Fulton Missouri • Containment

  13. Crisis in Europe • Truman Doctrine • Marshall Plan: 17 billion in aid (120 billion in today’s money. By contrast, US spent 21 billion in aid in 2006) • Rise of Soviet Bloc • Berlin Airlift

  14. Collective Security • 1947 National Security Act--CIA and National Security Council • NATO • 1949: United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom • 1952: Greece and Turkey • ANZUS • Warsaw Pact • A New Era of Engagement

  15. Japan • McArthur in Japan • Suppressing Militarism • Build a Democratic, Capitalist Society • Educational Changes • New Constitution • Abolishing the Military

  16. Fall of China: 1945-9 • The KMT (Chiang Kai-Shek) vs. Chinese Communists (Mao Tsetung) • KMT was very corrupt • Communists seen as patriots due to WWII • KMT Collapses; US too busy in Europe • KMT flees to Taiwan • US looks for scapegoats

  17. The Bomb Spreads • September 1949: Russian Atomic Bomb • Hydrogen bomb • National Security Council Paper #68: George McKennan and Containment • Conservatism Shifts

  18. HUAC in Hawaii

  19. The Red Scare II (1945-55) • No Normality • American Communism Weak • House Un-American Activities Committee • Private Persecutions • The Hollywood Ten • The Hiss Case • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

  20. Senator Joseph McCarthy

  21. Senator Joseph McCarthy • Drunken Bully from Wisconsin • The List of Subversives • One Man Reign of Unsubstantiated Terror • Truman and Eisenhower Do Nothing • The Army-McCarthy Hearings (1954) • Senate Censures McCarthy • McCarthy drinks himself to death by 1957

  22. The Korean War Begins • Syngman Rhee (South); Communists (North) • War Begins: June 25, 1950 • Truman Responds • UN Peacekeeping: 590,000 South Koreans, 480,000 Americans, 26,000 Canadians, 15,000 UK, 7,000 Phillipinos, and thousands from 12 other countries, vs. 260,000 NK and 780,000 Chinese

  23. The Korean War, 1950-2 • MacArthur’s Counterattack • Chinese Counterattack • Truman vs. MacArthur

  24. The Election of 1952 • Second Term Self-Destruct • Dwight D. Eisenhower / “Ike” • Adlai Stevenson • Election Day: Eisenhower: 55% popular, 442 EV, Stevenson: 45% and 89 EV (Most of South) • Consensus Settles In

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