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Unraveling DNA & Protein Synthesis: Discoveries and Structures

Explore the fascinating journey of DNA discovery, from Griffith to Hershey-Chase, and delve into the intricate structure of DNA and RNA, plus the essential process of protein synthesis.

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Unraveling DNA & Protein Synthesis: Discoveries and Structures

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  1. Chapter 10 DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Table of Contents Section 1 Discovery of DNA Section 2 DNA Structure Section 3 DNA Replication Section 4 Protein Synthesis

  2. Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Objectives • Relate how Griffith’s bacterial experiments showed that a hereditary factor was involved in transformation. • Summarize how Avery’s experiments led his group to conclude that DNA is responsible for transformation in bacteria. • Describe how Hershey and Chase’s experiment led to the conclusion that DNA, not protein, is the hereditary molecule in viruses.

  3. Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Griffith’s Experiments • Griffith’s experiments showed that hereditary material can pass from one bacterial cell to another. • The transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell or from one organism to another organism is calledtransformation.

  4. Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Griffith’s Discovery of Transformation

  5. Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Avery’s Experiments • Avery’s work showed that DNA is the hereditary material that transfers information between bacterial cells.

  6. Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 Hershey-Chase Experiment • Hershey and Chase confirmed that DNA, and not protein, is the hereditary material.

  7. Section 1 Discovery of DNA Chapter 10 The Hershey-Chase Experiment

  8. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 Objectives • Evaluatethe contributions of Franklin and Wilkins in helping Watson and Crick discover DNA’s double helix structure. • Describethe three parts of a nucleotide. • Summarizethe role of covalent and hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA. • Relatethe role of the base-pairing rules to the structure of DNA.

  9. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 DNA Double Helix • Watson and Crick created a model of DNA by using Franklin’s and Wilkins’s DNA diffraction X-rays.

  10. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 DNA Nucleotides • DNA is made of two nucleotide strands that wrap around each other in the shape of a double helix.

  11. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 DNA Nucleotides, continued • A DNA nucleotide is made of a 5-carbon deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T).

  12. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 Structure of a Nucleotide

  13. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 DNA Nucleotides, continued • Bonds Hold DNA Together • Nucleotides along each DNA strand are linked by covalent bonds. • Complementary nitrogenous bases are bonded by hydrogen bonds.

  14. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 Complementary Bases • Hydrogen bonding between the complementary base pairs, G-C and A-T, holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together.

  15. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 Complementary Base Pairing

  16. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 Objectives • Summarize the process of DNA replication. • Identifythe role of enzymes in the replication of DNA. • Describehow complementary base pairing guides DNA replication. • Comparethe number of replication forks in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells during DNA replication. • Describe how errors are corrected during DNA replication.

  17. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 How DNA Replication Occurs • DNA replicationis the process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides.

  18. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 How DNA Replication Occurs, continued • Steps of DNA Replication • Replication begins with the separation of the DNA strands by helicases. • Then, DNA polymerases form new strands by adding complementary nucleotides to each of the original strands.

  19. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 DNA Replication

  20. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 How DNA Replication Occurs, continued • Each new DNA molecule is made of one strand of nucleotides from the original DNA molecule and one new strand. This is called semi-conservative replication.

  21. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 Replication Forks Increase the Speed of Replication

  22. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 DNA Errors in Replication • Changes in DNA are calledmutations. • DNA proofreading and repair prevent many replication errors.

  23. Section 3 DNA Replication Chapter 10 DNA Errors in Replication, continued • DNA Replication and Cancer • Unrepaired mutations that affect genes that control cell division can cause diseases such as cancer.

  24. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Objectives • Outline the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to protein. • Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA. • Describethe importance of the genetic code. • Compare the role of mRNA, rRNA,and tRNA in translation. • Identifythe importance of learning about the human genome.

  25. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Flow of Genetic Information • The flow of genetic information can be symbolized as DNA RNA protein.

  26. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 RNA Structure and Function • RNA has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose and uracil in place of thymine. • RNA is single stranded and is shorter than DNA.

  27. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 RNA Structure and Function, continued • Types of RNA • Cells have three major types of RNA: • messenger RNA(mRNA) • ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • transfer RNA (tRNA)

  28. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 RNA Structure and Function, continued • mRNA carries the genetic “message” from the nucleus to the cytosol. • rRNA is the major component of ribosomes. • tRNA carries specific amino acids, helping to form polypeptides.

  29. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Transcription • During transcription, DNA acts as a template for directing the synthesis of RNA.

  30. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Transcription

  31. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Genetic Code • The nearly universal genetic code identifies the specific amino acids coded for by each three-nucleotide mRNA codon.

  32. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Translation • Steps of Translation • During translation, amino acids are assembled from information encoded in mRNA. • As the mRNA codons move through the ribosome, tRNAs add specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. • The process continues until a stop codon is reached and the newly made protein is released.

  33. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Translation: Assembling Proteins

  34. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Translation: Assembling Proteins, continued

  35. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 The Human Genome • The entire gene sequence of the human genome, the complete genetic content, is now known. • To learn where and when human cells use each of the proteins coded for in the approximately 30,000 genes in the human genome will take much more analysis.

  36. Section 2 DNA Structure Chapter 10 DNA Nucleotides

  37. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 RNA Structure and Function

  38. Section 4 Protein Synthesis Chapter 10 Genetic Code

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