THE TURBULENT ’60s

1. THE TURBULENT ’60s

2. The Warren Court Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated Earl Warren to be Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court Many thought Warren would be a conservative, but he was not The Warren Court was an active one that made numerous key rulings

3. Key Supreme Court rulings Reynolds v. Sims: Voting districts in many states were unequal. The case ruled that voting districts had to be equal in size. Established the principle of “one man, one vote.” Gideon v. Wainwright: Defendant in a state court had the right to a lawyer, regardless of his ability to pay Engel v. Vitale: Court ruled that government-funded schools could not require prayer in public schools

4. Miranda v. Arizona Ernesto Miranda was arrested for raping an 18 year old. He later confessed to robbery and attempted rape under interrogation by police Miranda had confessed without knowing that he had the right to remain silent (5th Amendment) Supreme Court ruled that his constitutional rights were violated by the police who interrogated him

5. LBJ becomes President Hours after JFK’s assassination, vice-president Lyndon Johnson of Texas was sworn in as president • Biggest issues facing LBJ as president: • The Civil Rights Movement • The growing poverty in America • The conflict in Vietnam

6. The War on Poverty In his book The Other America, Michael Harrington showed that many Americans lived in poverty in the United States. The book influenced the thinking of both John F. Kennedy and his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, as they both made the elimination of poverty a major goal. “America needs to build a ‘Great Society.’ I am declaring a war on poverty.” -- Lyndon B. Johnson University of Michigan, 1964

7. LBJ’s Great Society Once Johnson was elected in 1964, he began working on his plan for domestic programs to help the United States. He called his program the Great Society. Although there were many, the key programs of the Great Society were Medicare, Medicaid, Head Start, and HUD.

8. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT The Roots of the Civil Rights Movement

9. 13th, 14th, 15th AMENDMENTS RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS 13TH AMENDMENT OUTLAWED SLAVERY 14TH AMENDMENT MADE AFRICAN AMERICANS CITIZENS GUARANTEED EQUAL PROTECTION UNDER THE LAW 15TH AMENDMENT GUARANTEED AFRICAN AMERICANS THE RIGHT TO VOTE 13, 14, 15 – FREE, CITIZENS,VOTE

10. The 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments were suppose to protect the rights of African Americans under the U.S. Constitution… But they did not because of a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court…

11. PLESSY v. FERGUSON(1896) U.S. Supreme Court case that made segregation legal in the United States Established the principle of “separate but equal” Homer Plessy

12. PLESSY v. FERGUSON (1896) “Separate but equal” meant that minorities were not allowed in the same places as whites Southern states passed laws that legalized segregation known as “Jim Crow” laws

13. For the next 70 years, Jim Crow laws dominated society in the South for African Americans Segregation became the way of life for blacks in the South until…

14. BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATION (1954) African American girl sued for the right to go to the school of her choice – and WON! Ruling overturned the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson case and outlawed segregation in public schools

15. BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATION Supreme Court ruled segregation of public schools was unconstitutional Ruling gave improved educational opportunities to African Americans

16. BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATION NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall (center) argued the case to end segregation Marshall later became the first African American on the U.S. Supreme Court

18. The Movement Begins Rosa Parks refuses to move to the back of the bus Parks is arrested, leading to the…

19. Montgomery Bus Boycott Outraged over Park’s arrest, African Americans organize a boycott of Montgomery’s Public Transportation System in 1956 African Americans carpooled, took taxis, or walked to avoid taking the bus After a year, the city of Montgomery was ordered to end its segregation policy African Americans carpooling during the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1956

20. Montgomery Bus Boycott

22. A leader emerges The person who led the Montgomery Bus Boycott was a Baptist minister from Atlanta. His name was Martin Luther King, Jr. The boycott of the busing system of Montgomery gained King national prominence MLK leaving a bus after the boycott ends

23. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Born in Atlanta, GA • Southern Baptist Minister • Led Montgomery Bus Boycott • Leader of the Civil Rights • Movement • Often compared to Mohandas Gandhi • Advocated non-violent protests • Urged followers to disobey unjust laws • Was arrested 30 times

24. Martin Luther King: A powerful speaker . . . there comes a time when people get tired of being trampled over by the iron feet of oppression. … I want it to be known that we’re going to work with grim and bold determination to gain justice on the buses in this city. And we are not wrong... -- MLK King following his first arrest

25. Types of Protests • Marches • Freedom Riders • Sit-ins

26. Civil Rights Marches Marches were the most common form of protests used during the Civil Rights Movement Protestors would march peacefully in attempt to draw national attention for their cause

27. Sit-ins Blacks were denied service at lunch counters They sat at the counter until they were served or arrested Students who participated in the sit-ins refused to become violent Sit-ins raised the awareness of the discrimination that was occurring

28. Freedom Riders Blacks and whites traveled into the South to draw attention to the South’s segregation of bus terminals When Freedom Riders arrived at various cities in the South, white mobs attacked them

31. Coming up next: Movement gains national attention… …and also becomes violent

32. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Key events of the Civil Rights Movement

33. Leaders of Civil Rights Movement Malcolm X Medgar Evers Martin Luther King, Jr. Rosa Parks Stokley Carmichael

34. “WE SHALL OVERCOME” “We Shall Overcome” became the battle cry of the Civil Rights Movement Protestors often sang the song during civil rights marches

35. SCLC NAACP Southern Christian Leadership Council National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Civil Rights Organizations Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee Congress of Racial Equality SNCC CORE

36. CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT The movement gains national attention Clockwise, from right, integration of Little Rock Central; bombing of 16th Street Baptist Church ; lynching of Emmitt Till; violence in Birmingham; murder of civil rights workers in Mississippi

37. Odyssey of Emmitt Till Emmitt Till was a 14-year-old from Chicago whose murder in 1955 made national news Till was lynched and murdered after he said “bye baby” to a white woman who was the cashier at a store while visiting his cousin in Money, Mississippi Emmitt Till Open casket at Emmitt Till funeral

38. Ending school segregation In 1957, a federal court ordered the integration of Little Rock Central High The local NAACP picked out nine African Americans to attend the school Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus sent in the National Guard to “keep the peace” On their first attempt to enter the school, the black students were denied entrance

39. Ending school segregation The Little Rock Nine U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower called in federal troops to enforce the Supreme Court ruling Only one of the “Little Rock Nine” graduated, but the incident raised national awareness about the discrimination in the South

41. Ending school segregation James Meredith enters Ole Miss James Meredith is denied admission into Ole Miss President Kennedy sends 500 federal marshals to escort Meredith and make sure he was allowed to attended classes

42. Ending school segregation Wallace fights segregation Alabama governor George Wallace blocks the entrance to keep two black students from enrolling at the University of Alabama President Kennedy sends federal marshals to enforce the federal law "The President wants us to surrender this state to Martin Luther King and his group of pro-Communists who have instituted these demonstrations." George Wallace

43. Violence in Birmingham At marches in Alabama, Birmingham police chief Bull Connor used fire hoses and attack dogs to prevent people from marching The incident raised national awareness about the discrimination in the South

44. Violence in Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, was regarded as the most segregated city in the South Because of all the bombings in the city, Birmingham was nicknamed “Bombingham” The bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church killed four innocent girls

45. Mississippi Burning murders In the summer of 1964, dubbed -Freedom Summer - three civil rights workers came up missing in, Mississippi Weeks later, they were found dead after having been killed by members of the Ku Klux Klan Michael Schwerner James Chaney Andrew Goodman

46. March on Washington To support to President Kennedy’s Civil Rights bill, Martin Luther King, Jr., organized a massive march on Washington, D.C., as a show of support for the bill On August 28, 1963, more than 200,000 demonstrators gathered peacefully at the nation’s capital

47. MLK: “I have a dream” It was during the March on Washington in 1963 that Martin Luther King, Jr., gave his “I Have a Dream” speech Dr. King presented his dream of freedom and equality for all Americans The March on Washington and Martin Luther King’s speech helped to lead to the…

49. Civil Rights Act of 1964 Despite strong opposition from Southern senators, President Lyndon B. Johnson got Congress to pass the bill Law gave Congress power to outlaw segregation in most public places; gave minorities equal access to facilities such as restaurants and theaters