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India

Discover the diverse landforms, rivers, climates, and resources of India's natural environments. Learn about India's rich history, including important events and empires. Explore the religions and cultural features of India. Dive into India's economy, agriculture, and challenges faced today.

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India

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  1. India Preview Section 1:Natural Environments Section 2:History and Culture Section 3:India Today Chapter Wrap-Up

  2. Section 1: Natural Environments Read to Discover • What are the major landform regions and rivers of India? • Which climate types and resources does India have?

  3. Section 1: Natural Environments Question What are the three landform regions of India and characteristics of each?

  4. Section 1: Natural Environments Landform Regions and Rivers of India Himalayas—Mountainous, forests, farms; Kanchenjunga; Kashmir Valley; source of Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers Gangetic Plain—Lowland; northeastern India; farming; alluvial soil; Ganges River Deccan Plateau—Old and eroded; volcanic; farming with irrigation; bordered by Easternand Western Ghats; Narmada, Godavari,and KrishnaRivers

  5. Section 1: Natural Environments • Six climate types—Tropical humid, tropical wet and dry, arid, semiarid, humid subtropical, highland • Plant life reflects rainfall amounts (scrub to evergreen) • Varied animal life—Crocodiles, deer, elephants, mongooses, monkeys, tigers, birds, snakes • Monsoon—Strong influence on climate, flooding • Key resources—Soils and rivers • Minerals—Coal, iron ore, bauxite, oil, uranium Climates and Resources

  6. Section 2: History and Culture Read to Discover • What were the major events and empires of India’s early history? • How did European contract affect India? • What religions are practiced in India? • What are some other features of India’s culture?

  7. Section 2: History and Culture Question What are some of the important events and people in India’s history?

  8. European trade Ghandi assassinated Mughal Empire Independence MauryanEmpire GuptaEmpire Timur invades Sepoy Rebellion 300 B.C. A.D.400 1490 1857 1398 1520 1947 1948 Section 2: History and Culture Aryan civilization Muslim invasion Harappan civilization Muslim kingdom 1500 B.C. 500 B.C. A.D. 500 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 1000 B.C. 0 1000

  9. Section 2: History and Culture Early History • Aryans arrived around 1500 B.C., bringing Sanskrit language, large pantheon, strict system of social classes; Dravidians were pushed south. • Hinduism and Buddhism developed. • Kingdoms developed on Gangetic Plain. • Mauryan and Gupta empires emerged. • Muslims invaded and formed kingdom at Delhi in 1200s. • Mughal Empire established in 1520s.

  10. Section 2: History and Culture • Traders arrived in 1490s—first Portuguese, then Dutch, French, and British. • Britain defeated France and controlled India by the mid-1800s. • British built infrastructure; taught English; influenced education, law, and government. • Britain partitioned India at independence. European Influence

  11. Section 2: History and Culture • Hinduism—Main faith, followed by around 80 percent of the population; large pantheon, all part of a single spirit; reincarnation, dharma, karma; caste system • Islam—Largest minority religion, 11–14 percent of the population, mainly in the north • Christianity—Some 20 million followers Indian Religions

  12. Section 2: History and Culture • Buddhism—Originally from India, now followed by less than 1 percent of the population • Sikhism—Combines Muslim belief in one god with Hindu beliefs of reincarnation and karma; equality of all people • Jainism—Strict moral code based on preserving life Indian Religions (continued)

  13. Section 2: History and Culture • Many ethnic groups—Aryan descendants, Dravidians, others • More than 1,000 languages and dialects—Hindi is national language; English is widely used; 17 official languages • Typical clothing for hot weather—Sari, choli, loose pants, lungi, turbans (Sikhs) • Food—Variety based on climate, crops, regions; curry powder made of many spices flavors gravy-based dishes • Festivals—Many holidays, including Holi, Pongal Culture

  14. Section 3: India Today Read to Discover • What are the main features of India’s economy? • How does life in India’s villages compare to life in its cities? • What challenges does India face today?

  15. Section 3: India Today Question What are the characteristics and products of India’s economy?

  16. Section 3: India Today Agriculture • Basis of economy • 25 percent of GDP • 50 percent of land area • Rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane, sorghum, peanuts, sesame seeds, mangoes • Small farms • Depend on monsoon • Green Revolution Cottage Industries • Work in the home • Employ millions of people, particularly women • Silk fabrics, wooden statues, silver and gold lace, other handicrafts India’s Economy Commercial Manufacturing • Textiles leading export • Durable goods such as diesel engines and cars • Jute • Steel mills High-tech Businesses • Concentrated in Bangalore • Workers part of growing middle class

  17. Section 3: India Today • Most Indians live in villages, but cities are growing rapidly. • Villages are small, with few services; cities are enormous, with smog, noise, and congestion. • Many city-dwellers live modern, middle-class lives; villagers live a more traditional lifestyle. • Most people in villages and cities are poor, though urban poor live in giant slums. Comparing Village and City Life

  18. Section 3: India Today • Some now have paved roads, electricity, and phones. • Sanitation is poor. • Medical services are limited. • Literacy level is low. • Large families are valued; children help in the fields. • Boys valued higher; do more manual labor, take care of elderly parents, have more power in society. Villages

  19. Section 3: India Today • Population growth and related problems—poverty, health, education • Environmental damage—Water, forests, wildlife • Tensions with Pakistan (Kashmir, water) and China (borders) • Ethnic conflicts—Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs Challenges

  20. Chapter Wrap-UpUnderstanding the Main Ideas 1. What geographic features, such as river systems and climates, characterize India’s three major landform regions? 2. At what time of the year do monsoons bring rainfall to India, and where are the rains the heaviest? 3. In what ways have invasions, trade, and outside control affected Indian society and culture? 4. What is India’s main religion? Which other religions are found there? 5. What conflicts does India have with Pakistan?

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