River Valley Civilizations: The Nile and the Indus

1. River Valley Civilizations: The Nile and the Indus

2. River Valley Civilizations • Nile Valley and Indus Valley • Each civilization has a distinct pattern that is different from Mesopotamia • Nile state more important than cities • Lack of evidence about Indus valley civilization

3. Egypt: The Gift of the Nile • Nile naturally irrigated cropland with predictable, annual flooding • Adjacent deserts protected Egypt from invasion • Waterfalls hindered invasion from the south • Stability meant long-term indigenous government

4. Man-made irrigation

5. Ancient Egyptian History

6. Earliest Egypt: Before the Kings • Agriculture sustained life • Saharan drought led to more Nile settlement • String of villages along Nile by 3600 B.C.E.

7. The Growth of Cities - c. 3300 BCE • Egypt had no independent city-states • Egyptians lived in network of riverbank villages interspersed with larger towns that may have become administrative cities (nomes)

9. Unification and the Rule of Kings I’m Menes. They call me The Unifier! • 3100 B.C.E peoples along the Nile were unified • Menes often seen as first king • Kings came to be seen as divine • Kings balanced nature and invited Nile to flood

10. Annual flooding of the Nile • PredictableLeft behind fertile soil

11. Gods and the Unification of Egypt • Osiris = the god of order and virtue • Seth = the god of disorder and evil • Seth cut Osiris into fourteen pieces and scattered him across Egypt • Isis’s collection of pieces symbolizes unification of Egypt

12. Isis conceived son Horus with a briefly-revivified Osiris • Horus defeated Seth in battle and made father Osiris divine and in charge of underworld

13. Horus was first Egyptian god to be worshipped nationally • Belief in afterlife led to practice of mummification

14. Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life

15. Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

16. Making Ancient Egyptian Wine

17. An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves” Mirror Perfume Whigs

18. Egyptian Social Hierarchy

19. Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs Tutankhamon1336-1327 B. C. E. Thutmose III1504-1450 B. C. E. Ramses II1279-1212 B. C. E.

20. Egyptian Nobility

21. Pyramids and Fortresses • Large pyramids of Khufu, Khefren, and Menkaure in Fourth Dynasty (2575-2465 B.C.E.) • Pyramids reflected Egyptian strength • Power extended to fortress at first cataract of the Nile

23. Preparations for the Underworld Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit

24. Materials Used in Mummification 1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

25. Preparation for the Afterlife

26. Egyptian Mummies Seti I1291-1278 B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. E. Ramses II1279-1212 B. C. E.

27. Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

28. “Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

29. Giza Pyramid Complex

30. Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

31. Egyptian Priestly Class

32. Egyptian Scribe • Writing emerged at same time as in Sumer

33. Papyrus  Paper Hieratic Scroll Piece Papyrus Plant

34. Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship What number is this?

35. Hieroglyphic “Cartouche”

36. The Rosetta Stone

37. Indus Valley

38. Indus Valley • The Harappan culture existed along the Indus River in what is present day Pakistan. • It was named after the city of Harappa. Harappa and the city of Mohenjo-Daro were important centers of the Indus valley civilization. • This Indus Valley “civilization” flourished around 4000-1000 B.C.

40. Harappa

42. Harappan Civilization • By 2500 BCE, communities had been turned into urban centers (integration). • So far, six such urban centers have been discovered, including: Harappa, MohenjoDaro and Dicki in Pakistan, along with three others in India. • Irrigation used to increase crop production and mud brick structures.

43. Geography • Mountains of the Himalaya and Hindu Kush provide a continuous source of water • These mountain ranges also provided important timber, animal products, and minerals, gold, silver, tin and semiprecious stones that were traded throughout the Indus Valley.

44. Coast • These coastal settlements were involved in fishing and trading, using the monsoon winds to travel back and forth to Oman and the Persian Gulf region.

45. Major Cities: Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa • The cities are well known for their impressive, organized and regular layout. • They have well laid our plumbing and drainage system, including indoor toilets. • Over one thousand other towns and villages also existed in this region.

46. The similarities in plan and construction between Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa indicate that they were part of a unified government with extreme organization. • Remains of palaces or temples in the cities have not been found.

47. The Great Bath • The "great bath" is the earliest public water tank.

48. Streets • At Mohenjo-Daro narrow streets and alleyways are off of the major streets, leading into more private neighborhoods. • Many of the brick houses were two stories high, with thick walls and high ceilings to keep the rooms cool in the hot summer months.

49. Gateway

50. Language • The Indus (Harappan) people used a pictographic script. • Some 3500 specimens of this script survive • Writing has not been deciphered