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Statistics

Statistics. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking. Where We’re Going. Introduction to the field of statistics How statistics applies to real-world problems Establish the link between statistics and data Differentiate between population and sample data

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Statistics

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  1. Statistics Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  2. Where We’re Going • Introduction to the field of statistics • How statistics applies to real-world problems • Establish the link between statistics and data • Differentiate between population and sample data • Differentiate between descriptive and inferential statistics McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  3. 1.1: The Science of Statistics • Statistics is the science of data. This involves collecting, classifying, summarizing, organizing, analyzing and interpreting numerical information. McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  4. 1.2: Types of Statistical Applications McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  5. 1.2: Types of Statistical Applications • Descriptive statistics utilizes numerical and graphical methods to look for patterns in a data set, to summarize the information revealed in a data set and to present that information in a convenient form. Average, spread, range, frequency, histogram, median, scatter plot, mode, interquartile range,… McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  6. 1.2: Types of Statistical Applications • Inferential statistics utilizes sample data to make estimates, decisions, predictions or other generalizations about a larger set of data. Hypothesis test, z. ANOVA, confidence interval, ordinary least squares, 2, margin of error, t, … McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  7. 1.3: Fundamental Elements of Statistics • An experimental unit is an object about which we collect data. • Person • Place • Thing • Event McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  8. 1.3: Fundamental Elements of Statistics • An population is a set of units in which we are interested. • Typically, there are too many experimental units in a population to consider every one. • If we can examine every single one, we conduct a census. McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  9. 1.3: Fundamental Elements of Statistics • A variable is a characteristic or property of an individual unit. • The values of these characteristics will, not surprisingly, vary. McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  10. 1.3: Fundamental Elements of Statistics • A sample is a subset of the population. McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  11. 1.3: Fundamental Elements of Statistics • A measure of reliability is a statement about the degree of uncertainty associated with a statistical inference. Based on our analysis, we think 56% of soda drinkers prefer Pepsi to Coke, ± 5%. McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  12. 1.3: Fundamental Elements of Statistics Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics Population of interest One or more variables to be investigated The sample of population units The inference about the population based on the sample data A measure of reliability of the inference • The population or sample of interest • One or more variables to be investigated • Tables, graphs or numerical summary tools • Identification of patterns in the data McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  13. 1.4: Types of Data • Quantitative Data are measurements that are recorded on a naturally occurring numerical scale. • Age • GPA • Salary • Cost of books this semester McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  14. 1.4: Types of Data • Qualitative Data are measurements that cannot be recorded on a natural numerical scale, but are recorded in categories. • Year in school • Live on/off campus • Major • Gender McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  15. 1.5: Collecting Data • Published Source • Designed Experiment • Survey • Observational Study SOURCE: United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  16. 1.5: Collecting Data • Published Source • Journal • Book • Newspaper • Magazine • (Reliable) Web Site McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  17. 1.5: Collecting Data • Designed Experiment • Strict control over the experiment and the units in the experiment McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  18. 1.5: Collecting Data • Survey • Gallup, Harris and other polls • Nielsen McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  19. 1.5: Collecting Data • Observational Study • Observe units in natural settings • No control over behavior of units McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  20. 1.5: Collecting Data • A representative sample exhibits characteristics typical of those possessed by the target population. • A random sample of n units is selected in such a way that every different sample of size n has the same chance of being selected. McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  21. 1.6: The Role of Statistics in Critical Thinking • Statistical thinking involves applying rational thought and the science of statistics to critically assess data and inferences. McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  22. 1.6: The Role of Statistics in Critical Thinking • Selection bias results when a subset of the experimental units in the population have been excluded so that these units have no chance of being selected in the sample. LANDON IN A LANDSLIDE In 1936 The Literary Digest predicts Governor Alf Landon of Kansas would defeat President Roosevelt with 57% of the popular vote and 370 electoral votes, the result of polling primarily affluent voters. McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  23. 1.6: The Role of Statistics in Critical Thinking • Nonresponse bias results when the researchers conducting a survey or study are unable to obtain data on all experimental units selected for the sample. McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

  24. 1.6: The Role of Statistics in Critical Thinking • Measurement error refers to inaccuracies in the values of the data recorded. In surveys, this kind of error may be due to ambiguous or leading questions and the interviewer’s effect on the respondent. “Do you prefer Candidate X, father of three and church elder, or Candidate Y, who got the nomination despite his shady past?” McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 1: Statistics, Data and Statistical Thinking

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