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The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited

The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited. Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715. Introduction. What is the Nobel Laboratory Series of experiments? Format and content of some NLS labs

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The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited

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  1. The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715 16th CAARI

  2. Introduction • What is the Nobel Laboratory Series of experiments? • Format and content of some NLS labs • Observations of what has worked and changes made in past 10 years • Some new experiments and the future 16th CAARI

  3. The Nobel Laboratory Series • Upper division laboratory • Experiments based on recent Nobel prize-winning work • Major new equipment purchased through the NSF-ILI program (1990) • Take advantage of department “experts” in various research areas 16th CAARI

  4. The NLS Experiments • High Temperature Superconductivity • (K.A. Muller and J.G. Bednorz 1987) • Scanning-Tunneling Microscopy • (G. Binnig and H. Rohrer 1986) • Nuclear Reactions and Nucleosynthesis • (W.A. Fowler 1983) • Electron Spectroscopy • (K.M. Siegbahn 1981) 16th CAARI

  5. The NLS Experiments - cont. • Non-linear Optics • (N. Bloembergen 1981) • Laser Spectroscopy • (A. L. Schawlow 1981) • Magnetism and the Quantum Nature of Solids • (J.H. Van Vleck, N.F. Mott, P.W. Anderson 1977) 16th CAARI

  6. Nuclear Reactions and Nucleosynthesis • Experiment: Study the nuclear reactions Li7(p,)He4 and F19(p,)O16 • Physics: collision kinematics, reaction cross section, energy loss for ions in solids and energy straggling, resonant reactions • Equipment: 2MV van de Graaff accelerator, solid state particle detectors, pulse counting electronics and MCA, vacuum hardware 16th CAARI

  7. MSU Ion Beam Laboratory 16th CAARI

  8. 2 MV van de Graaff Accelerator 16th CAARI

  9. NRA and RBS Target Chamber 16th CAARI

  10. NLS Experiments: Format • Example: Nuclear Reactions Lab • Week 1: Introductory lectures (2 or 3) • Students run a “calibration” experiment to become familiar with the equipment; reading and homework • Example: 210Po source and Al stopper foil 16th CAARI

  11. NLS Experiments: Format • Example: Nuclear Reactions Lab • Week 2: All students run a standard experiment • Ex: study the kinematics of the p, reaction in a LiF target at one scattering angle and two different accelerator beam energies • get familiar with operation of the van de Graaff accelerator and data analysis 16th CAARI

  12. NLS Experiments: Format • Example: Nuclear Reactions Lab • Weeks 3&4: Expand the standard experiment or carry out a new experiment • Ex: Measure the reaction cross section for the F resonance; measure the dependence of the reaction products on incident kinetic energy for F- and Li- derived ’s • oral presentations in class 16th CAARI

  13. Comments: Things that work well • 4-hour lab session each week • Open-ended experiments • Opportunity for student design of experiment • Oral presentations in Weeks 2, 3, and 4 • Weekly, short written reports • Occasional long, complete reports • Groups of 2 or 3 students 16th CAARI

  14. …More things that work well • Lab manuals tailored to our experiments • 4 experiments per semester (4 weeks each) • Access to department experts • Support for other programs • high-school teachers (STIR) • 2- and 4-year faculty enhancement workshops (2) • MS in Science Education for high-school teachers • Senior Capstone projects 16th CAARI

  15. Comments: Things that need fixing • Safety in the lab • “Too much work” for a 2-credit course • “Too much software”: PC instrumentation • Limited design experience for students • Too expensive for small department NSF: $90K; MSU: $90K; Physics $30K • More faculty involvement • High maintenance costs (optics,vacuum hdwr) 16th CAARI

  16. Acknowledgements • People: Robert J. Swenson John Carlsten Rufus Cone John E. Drumheller Gerald J. Lapeyre Hugo Schmidt Richard J. Smith Students and visitors • Funding: NSF Grant No. DMR-8952165 16th CAARI

  17. Examples of Student Projects • STM study of Au particles on graphite • STM study of ion impact craters on graphite • ERDA for hydrogen analysis in Ti-Mo alloys • AES analysis of S-O interaction on Ti surfaces 16th CAARI

  18. Significant changes in recent years • Drop the experiments using high power lasers • safety and damage to optical components • Increase course credit to 4 semester credits • Add more optics labs • Initiation of capstone experience at MSU 16th CAARI

  19. New experiments • Gaussian Beam Propagation • Longitudinal Modes of He-Ne Laser • Index of Refraction of Gases using an Acousto-optic Modulator • Pockels effect using Frequency Doubling Electro-optic modulation (KD2PO4) 16th CAARI

  20. New experiments: Pockels Effect • Reference: “Frequency doubling electro-optic modulation system for Pockels effect measurements: application in LiNbO3”, N.G. Theofanous et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68 (5) May 1997 • Modified for KD2PO4 16th CAARI

  21. Pockels Effect using FDEOM 16th CAARI

  22. Pockels Effect using FDEOM • Waveforms on and off the frequency doubling position 16th CAARI

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