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Chapter Three

Chapter Three. The Media – Conducted and Wireless. Objective. สามารถบอกคุณสมบัติของสายคู่บิดเกลียว และข้อดี ข้อเสียของสายคู่บิดเกลียว สามารถแยกความแตกต่างระหว่างสายู่บิดเกลียวประเภทที่ 1 ถึง 7 สามารถอธิบายถึงสายคู่บิดเกลียวแบบมีฉนวน ว่าดีกว่าสายคู่บิดเกลียวแบบไม่มีฉนวนอย่างไร

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Chapter Three

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  1. Chapter Three The Media – Conducted and Wireless

  2. Objective • สามารถบอกคุณสมบัติของสายคู่บิดเกลียว และข้อดี ข้อเสียของสายคู่บิดเกลียว • สามารถแยกความแตกต่างระหว่างสายู่บิดเกลียวประเภทที่ 1 ถึง 7 • สามารถอธิบายถึงสายคู่บิดเกลียวแบบมีฉนวน ว่าดีกว่าสายคู่บิดเกลียวแบบไม่มีฉนวนอย่างไร • สามารถอธิบายคุณสมบัติ ข้อดี ข้อเสีย ของสายโคแอกเชียล และสายไฟเบอร์ออปติค • สามารถอธิบายคุณสมบัติ และข้อดี ข้อเสียของระบบไมโครเวฟภาคพื้นดิน • สามารถระบุคุณสมบัติ ข้อดี ข้อเสีย ของระบบดาวเทียม รวมถึงบอกความแตกต่างระหว่างวงโคจรระดับต่ำ(แอลอีโอ), วงโคจรระดับกลาง(เอ็มอีโอ), วงโคจรโลกสมวาร(จีอีโอ) และ วงโคจรรีมาก(เอชอีโอ)

  3. สามารถอธิบายพื้นฐานของโทรศัพท์เซลลูล่าร์ รวมถึงระบบเซลลูล่าร์ในยุคปัจจุบัน • สามารถระบุคุณสมบัติของการส่งข้อมูลระยะสั้น เช่น บลูธูท • สามารถบอกคุณสมบัติข้อดีข้อเสียของ WAP, ระบบไร้สายแบบบรอดแบนด์ และเทคนิคการส่งข้อมูลระยะใกล้แบบไร้สายชนิดต่างๆ • สามารถประยุกต์ในการเลือกใช้สื่อโดยพิจารณาถึง ต้นทุน, ความเร็ว, ระยะทางและการขยาย, สภาพแวดล้อม และความปลอดภัย ในการเลือกใช้สื่อที่หลากหลายกับแอปพลิเคชั่นเฉพาะ

  4. Introduction Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • The world of computer would not exist if there were no medium by which to transfer data • The two major categories of media include: • Conducted media • Wireless media

  5. Twisted Pair Wire Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • One or more pairs of single conductor wires that have been twisted around each other • Twisted pair wire is classified by category. Twisted pair is currently Category 1 through Category 7, although Categories 2 and 4 are nearly obsolete • Twisting the wires helps to eliminate electromagnetic interference between the two wires • Shielding can further help to eliminate interference

  6. Twisted Pair Wire Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  7. Twisted Pair Wire Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  8. Twisted Pair Wire Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  9. Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  10. Coaxial Cable Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • A single wire wrapped in a foam insulation surrounded by a braided metal shield, then covered in a plastic jacket. Cable comes in various thicknesses • Baseband coaxial technology uses digital signaling in which the cable carries only one channel of digital data • Broadband coaxial technology transmits analog signals and is capable of supporting multiple channels

  11. Coaxial Cable Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  12. Coaxial Cable Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  13. Fiber Optic Cable Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • A thin glass cable approximately a little thicker than a human hair surrounded by a plastic coating and packaged into an insulated cable • A photo diode or laser generates pulses of light which travel down the fiber optic cable and are received by a photo receptor

  14. Fiber Optic Cable Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  15. Fiber Optic Cable Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • Fiber optic cable is capable of supporting millions of bits per second for 1000s of meters • Thick cable (62.5/125 microns) causes more ray collisions, so you have to transmit slower. This is step index multimode fiber. Typically use LED for light source, shorter distance transmissions • Thin cable (8.3/125 microns) – very little reflection, fast transmission, typically uses a laser, longer transmission distances; known as single mode fiber

  16. Fiber Optic Cable Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  17. Fiber Optic Cable Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • Fiber optic cable is susceptible to reflection (where the light source bounces around inside the cable) and refraction (where the light source passes out of the core and into the surrounding cladding) • Thus, fiber optic cable is not perfect either. Noise is still a potential problem

  18. Fiber Optic Cable Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  19. Fiber Optic Cable Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • It is very common to mix fiber with twisted pair in LANs

  20. Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  21. Wireless Media Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • Radio, satellite transmissions, and infrared light are all different forms of electromagnetic waves that are used to transmit data • Technically speaking – in wireless transmissions, space is the medium • Note in the following figure how each source occupies a different set of frequencies

  22. Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  23. Terrestrial Microwave Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • Land-based, line-of-sight transmission • Approximately 20-30 miles between towers • Transmits data at hundred of millions of bits per second • Signals will not pass through solid objects • Popular with telephone companies and business to business transmissions

  24. Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  25. Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • Often the microwave antennas are on towers or buildings

  26. Satellite Microwave Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • Similar to terrestrial microwave except the signal travels from a ground station on earth to a satellite and back to another ground station • Can also transmit signals from one satellite to another • Satellites can be classified by how far out into orbit each one is (LEO, MEO, GEO, and HEO)

  27. Satellite Microwave Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  28. Satellite Microwave Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • LEO – Low Earth Orbit – 100 to 1000 miles out. Used for wireless e-mail, special mobile telephones, pagers, spying, videoconferencing • MEO – Middle Earth Orbit – 1000 to 22,300 miles. Used for GPS (global positioning systems) and government • GEO – Geosynchronous Earth Orbit – 22,300 miles. Always over the same position on earth (and always over the equator). Used for weather, television, government operations

  29. Satellite Microwave Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • HEO – Highly Elliptical Earth orbit – satellite follows an elliptical orbit • HEO is used by the military for spying and by scientific organizations for photographing celestial bodies

  30. Satellite Microwave Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  31. Satellite Microwave Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • Satellite microwave can also be classified by its configuration: • Bulk carrier configuration • Multiplexed configuration • Single-user earth station configuration (e.g. VSAT)

  32. Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  33. Cellular Telephone Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • Wireless telephone service, also called mobile telephone, cell phone, and PCS • To support multiple users in a metropolitan area (market), the market is broken into cells • Each cell has its own transmission tower and set of assignable channels

  34. Cellular Telephone Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  35. Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  36. Cellular Telephone – 1st Generation Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • AMPS – Advanced Mobile Phone Service – first popular cell phone service; used analog signals and dynamically assigned channels • D-AMPS – Digital AMPS – applied digital multiplexing techniques on top of AMPS analog channels

  37. Cellular Telephone – 2nd Generation Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • PCS – Personal Communication Systems – essentially all-digital cell phone service • PCS phones came in three technologies: • TDMA – time division multiple access • CDMA – code division multiple access • GSM – global system for mobile communications

  38. Cellular Telephone – 2.5 Generation Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • AT&T Wireless, Cingular Wireless, and T-Mobile now using GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) in their GSM networks (can transmit data at 30 kbps to 40 kbps) • Verizon Wireless, Alltel, U.S.Cellular, and Sprint PCS are using CDMA2000 1xRTT (one carrier radio- transmission technology) (50 kbps to 75 kbps) • Nextel uses IDEN technology

  39. Cellular Telephone – 3rd Generation Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) – also called Wideband CDMA; the 3G version of GPRS; UMTS not backward compatible with GSM (thus requires phones with multiple decoders) • 1XEV (1 x Enhanced Version) – The 3G replacement for 1xRTT; will come in two forms: • 1xEV-DO for data only • 1xEV-DV for data and voice

  40. Infrared Transmissions Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • Transmissions that use a focused ray of light in the infrared frequency range • Very common with remote control devices, but can also be used for device-to-device transfers, such as PDA to computer

  41. WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • WAP is a set of protocols that allows wireless devices such as cell phones, PDAs, and two-way radios to access the Internet • WAP is designed to work with small screens and with limited interactive controls • WAP incorporates Wireless Markup Language (WML) which is used to specify the format and presentation of text on the screen

  42. WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • WAP may be used for applications such as • Travel directions • Sports scores • E-mail • Online address books • Traffic alerts • Banking and news • Possible short-comings include low speeds, security, and very small user interface

  43. Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  44. Broadband Wireless Systems Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • Delivers Internet services into homes and businesses • Designed to bypass the local loop telephone line • Transmits voice, data, and video over high frequency radio signals

  45. Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless

  46. Broadband Wireless Systems Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • Multichannel multipoint distribution service (MMDS) and local multipoint distribution service (LMDS) looked promising a few years ago but died off • Now companies are eyeing Wi-Max, an IEEE 802.16 standard; initially 300 kbps to 2 Mbps over a range of as much as 30 miles; forthcoming standard (802.16e) will allow for moving devices

  47. Bluetooth Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • Bluetooth is a specification for short-range, point-to-point or point-to-multipoint voice and data transfer • Bluetooth can transmit through solid, non-metal objects • Its typical link range is from 10 cm to 10 m, but can be extended to 100 m by increasing the power

  48. Bluetooth Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • Bluetooth will enable users to connect to a wide range of computing and telecommunication devices without the need of connecting cables • Typical uses include phones, pagers, modems, LAN access devices, headsets, notebooks, desktop computers, and PDAs

  49. Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11) Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • This technology transmits data between workstations and local area networks using high-speed radio frequencies • Current technologies allow up to 54 Mbps (theoretical) data transfer at distances up to hundreds of feet) • Three popular standards: IEEE 802.11b, a, g) • More on this in Chapter Seven (LANs)

  50. Free Space Optics Chapter Three - The Media - Conducted and Wireless • Uses lasers, or more economically, infrared transmitting devices • Line of sight between buildings • Typically short distances, such as across the street • Newer auto-tracking systems keep lasers aligned when buildings shake from wind and traffic

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