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Dehradun 18 June 2013 Jagdish Kishwan Chief Advisor, Policy Wildlife Trust of India

Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy MCT for IFS Officers- Phase IV REDD+: National and International Dimensions. Dehradun 18 June 2013 Jagdish Kishwan Chief Advisor, Policy Wildlife Trust of India Member, Government of India, Planning Commission Expert Group on

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Dehradun 18 June 2013 Jagdish Kishwan Chief Advisor, Policy Wildlife Trust of India

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  1. Indira Gandhi National Forest AcademyMCT for IFS Officers- Phase IVREDD+: National and International Dimensions Dehradun 18 June 2013 Jagdish Kishwan Chief Advisor, Policy Wildlife Trust of India Member, Government of India, Planning Commission Expert Group on Low Carbon Strategy for Inclusive Growth Former Director General, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education

  2. REDD+ • All actions in forest management in a country impact mitigation and adaptation capability of forests. • REDD+ is an internationally agreed comprehensive approach under UNFCCC that epitomizes recognition and incentivization of mitigation service from forests. • Therefore REDD+ has National and International linkages and relevance.

  3. REDD+: International Dimensions • Concept developed and agreed in UNFCCC to reduce forest emissions at global level • Methodologies for MRV and safeguards of UNFCCC to be complied by Parties • Technical and financial support • Ensure environmental integrity

  4. REDD+: National Dimensions • Voluntary implementation, national forest monitoring system to be in place • UNFCCC guidance for REL/RL, MRV and safeguards compulsory • Policy, institutions, capacity for MRV to be created • Timely submission of forest carbon stocks accounts

  5. REDD+: National and International Dimensions OBJECTIVE OF PRESENTATION • Understand CC impact on forests • Natural and plantations • Understand CC impact on other sectors • Contribution of forest sector to climate change • Adaptation and mitigation • Adaptation contribution of forest sector • Self impacts • Contribution in adaptation in other sectors • REDD+ in UNFCCC • Mitigation potential of forest sector

  6. Climate Change: Impacts on Forests Natural Forests • Vegetation • Change in composition • Shift • More vulnerable • Fires • Insect damage • Invasive species

  7. Climate Change: Impacts on Forests Natural Forests • Wild animals • Change in behaviour (hibernation) • Availability of food plants due to impact on vegetation resulting from • Shift, change, invasive species, fires, insect damage

  8. Climate Change: Impacts on Forests Natural Forests • Wild animals • More vulnerable, because • Availability of natural food impacted • Water availability affected • Human-wildlife conflict increased • Habitat shrunk due to migration of humans from climate impacted areas like coasts, riversides, etc

  9. Climate Change: Impacts on Forests Plantations • Productivity • Positive or negative • More vulnerable • Insect damage • Diseases • Invasive species

  10. Climate Change: Impacts on Other Sectors Agriculture • Cropping seasons affected • Reduced rice production • Reduced fruit production in temperate areas Fisheries • Populations affected • Species impacted

  11. Climate Change: Impacts on Other Sectors Health ..contd.. • More heat strokes • Increase in vector borne diseases like malaria, chickengunya Water • Change in flow • Flooding and drought • Scarcity for human consumption

  12. Climate Change: Impacts on Other Sectors Habitations ..contd.. • Submergence, flooding • Migration • Extreme heat waves • Epidemics • Faulty energy supply • Water scarcity for domestic use • Social unrest

  13. Response of Forest Sector • Mitigation • Adaptation (Difficult to separate)

  14. Adaptation Options in Forest Natural forests and plantations • Change in composition/vegetation shift • Aided natural regeneration, species mix • Conservation of genetic diversity - in-situ and ex-situ • Sustainable management of forest • Use of energy efficient wood fuel stoves • Increased fire and pest damage • Improved, more intense fire management, thinning and sanitation

  15. Adaptation Options in Forest Wildlife • Vulnerability due to decreased food/water availability, conflict with humans, shrinking habitats • Increase PA areas • Increase connectivity amongst PAs to facilitate migration • Ex-situ conservation of gene pool

  16. Forest Adaptation: Other Sectors • Food supplement • Medicines • Wind break against storms • Reducing severity of floods • Regulating water supply • Providing shelter and construction material to affected humans • Climate amelioration by cooling through evapo-transpiration, production of cloud forming aerosols

  17. Forest Mitigation • How to reduce emissions • directly • indirectly

  18. How to reduce emissions in Forestry Sector? Reduce emissions (save carbon) Reducing deforestation and degradation rates (Exmp: REDD) Identify drivers- agriculture, fuelwood/timber extraction, grazing Increase removals (add carbon) Conservation, sustainable management of forests, increase in forest cover/A&R (Exmp: CDM A/R, REDD+, GIM) Wood products management Replacement of cement concrete with lumber in house construction Replacement of metal furniture with wooden furniture

  19. COP Decisions REDD+ • Cancun (COP 16) • 5 REDD+ activities defined and agreed • RELs/RLs agreed as benchmarks • 3 progressives phases of implementation- preparatory, demonstration, results-based actions • Financing options wide open, no movement further

  20. COP Decisions REDD+ • Durban (COP 17) • Safeguards for rights of IPs/LCs and conservation of natural forests agreed • Agreement on construction of RELs/RLs • National Forest Monitoring Systems and MRV to be discussed and agreed by COP 18 (Doha)- not accomplished • Agreement to work on financial options including public, private, market, non-market, fund-based mechanisms

  21. COP Decisions REDD+ • Doha (COP 18) SBSTA • Sought submissions by 25 March 2013 on following for decision in COP 19 • Technical assessment of forest REL/RL original or updated • Issues related to co-benefits resulting from REDD+ implementation (NCB) • National forest monitoring systems and MRV for multiple functions of forests supported by non-market mechanism

  22. COP Decisions REDD+ • Doha (COP 18) SBSTA ……contd • To resume in next SBSTA discussions on following for decision in COP 19 • Timing and frequency of submission of information under SIS • Further guidance to ensure transparency, consistency, comprehensiveness and effectiveness of summary of information on how safeguards addressed and respected • Issues relating to drivers of deforestation and forest degradation

  23. SBSTA 38, June 2013 • Further progress on agenda items from Doha (COP 18) • Submission of information under SIS to be part of national communications and follow same frequency • Recognizes linkage of drivers of deforestation and forest degradation with local livelihoods (economic cost and implications for domestic resources); urges developing countries and private sector to address these • Modalities for national forest monitoring systems agreed; to follow IPCC guidance • MRV- no agreement

  24. COP Decisions REDD+ Finance • Doha (COP 18) LCA • COP President to appoint 2 cochairs to initiate work programme on results-based finance in 2013 through 2 workshops • Cochairs to report on workshops to COP 19 • Sought submissions by 25 March 2013 on following for consideration in COP 19 • Technical and financial support for REDD+ implementation • Joint session of SBSTA and SBI to recommend body/board/committee for administering REDD+

  25. REDD+ Finance: SBSTA 38 June 2013 • 2 Cochairs appointed by COP President (Norway, Indonesia) • 1 workshop out of 2 held 10 June in Bonn- • No discussion on sources of UNFCCC finance • Developing countries asked to spell out barriers and challenges for REDD+ implementation • Possibility of bilateral, multilateral funding discussed

  26. REDD+ Finance Options for India post SBSTA 38 • Mobilize resources other than from UNFCCC • External • Multilateral- WB, GEF, ADB, EU • Bilateral- JICA, USAID, GTZ, Norway • Project level- USAID, FCPF, UN-REDD • Internal • Finance Commission Awards, ACA (PC)

  27. REL/RL: Option for India • REL relevant for countries committing to reduce emissions by reducing deforestation and forest degradation • RL relevant to countries with control on deforestation and confident of increasing forest carbon • Many argue possibility of a country giving numbers for both-REL and RL

  28. REL/RL: Option for India …..contd... • India: checked deforestation, efforts on to improve quality and extent of forest and tree cover (NAP, GIM, Haryali, Watershed Programmes) • Recording small but consistent improvement in forest and tree cover • Forest carbon stocks increasing • RL suits Indian situation

  29. Way forward for India as follow-up of Cancun/Durban/Doha COP decisions Develop National REDD strategy or action plan for REDD plus implementation MoEF constituted 12 Member Expert Committee on 20 February 2013 to prepare Reference Document on REDD+ to guide implementation of REDD+ in country including all States and UTS Prof Ravindranath, Dr RekhaPai, Dr TP Singh, ICFRE, Mr. VRS Rawat, ICFRE, Dr Rajesh Kumar, FSI, Dr RuchiBadola, WII, Prof MadhuVerma, IIFM, Dr JV Sharma, TERI, Dr Rajiv Pandey, HNB University, Dr A Duraisamy, MoEF, Mr. Subhash Chandra (Convener), Dr Jagdish Kishwan (Chair)

  30. Progress: Preparation of REDD+ Reference Document 2 Meetings held Chapters in RD Introduction and Overview National REDD+ Policy Definitions, MRV, Capacity Building, Research Current Forest Management Regime and Gap AnalysisNational Forest Reference Level REDD+ Governance including safeguards, roles and responsibilities, financial arrangements Document to be ready by 30 June 2013

  31. Mitigation In Forest Sector Forestry Mitigation Potential: Possible Action in India (A few slides)

  32. National Mission for a “Green India”GIM Goals include afforestation of additional 10 million hectares of degraded forest lands and expanding forest cover from 23% to 33% of India’s landmass

  33. Mitigation Service by India’s Forests • 1995 : 6245 mt C (43%b) • 2005 : 6622 mt C (43%b) 37.7 mt C=138 mt CO2e neutralized every year Source: Kishwan, et al. 2009 (ICFRE Technical Paper)

  34. Forest Mitigation Options • Add forest carbon • Increase FTC • Create forest in FFVs • Improve forest cover • Save forest carbon • Use improved wood-burning cookstoves • HWPs to replace part building hardware made of cement and metals • Part replacement of plastic and metal furniture

  35. Add Forest Carbon • Increase FTC – 1 mha every year (remote forests+nfl in 400,000 villages) • Create forest in FFVs- 100 ha forest in each of 170,000 FFVs (forest+nfl)- 2 mha every year • Improve forest cover- 1 mha of open forest to MDF and 1 mha MDF to VDF every year

  36. Save Forest Carbon • Improved wood-burning cookstoves- 11 m every year to cover 11 m families • HWPs to replace part use of cement and metals- 1 m cub m every year • Replacement of plastic and metal furniture- 50% replaced= 1.5 m cub m every year

  37. Quantum of Mitigation • Expand and improve forest and tree cover= 32.3 mt CO2eq • Promote more efficient use of fuelwood, and gradual replacement of energy intensive metal and plastic products= 31.4 mt CO2eq • Total= 63.7 mt CO2eq every year (could be more)

  38. Cost of Actions • Addition of FTC+forest in FFVs+ improvement in FC= Rs. 11,000 crores every year • Improved cookstoves+wood products as substitutes= Rs. 630 crores every year • Total= Rs. 11,630 crores every year

  39. Value of Mitigation Service 2023 onwards Rs. 12,102 crores every year

  40. Resource Mobilization • Principle of ‘Emitter Pays’ • Private sector= Rs. 8,350 crores • Government = Rs. 3,280 crores • REDD+ funds = ??

  41. Impact on Emission Intensity 5.2 % Reduction 2023 onwards

  42. Thanks for your attention

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