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Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Behavior

Dr. M. Davis-Brantley. Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Behavior. Who is familiar with someone who has had damage to their brain?. Personal Inquiry. Neuroscience and Behavior. Neuroscientist Biopsychologist Psychobiologist

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Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Behavior

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  1. Dr. M. Davis-Brantley Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Behavior

  2. Who is familiar with someone who has had damage to their brain? Personal Inquiry

  3. Neuroscience and Behavior Neuroscientist Biopsychologist Psychobiologist • The scientific study of the nervous system and biological bases of behavior and mental processes • We use this information to apply to a variety of scientific discipline such as physiology, pharmacology, biology, neurology

  4. The Brain: Basic Communication • The brain is a key component in the entire nervous system • The brain utilizes several components in order to communicate with the rest of the body, specifically the neuron • Neurons are highly specialized cells that receive and transmit information from one part of the body to another • They communicate information in electrical and chemical form • Your entire brain has an estimated 100 billion neurons • Glial Cells outnumber neurons 10 to 1. Their job is provide structure, nutrition, and removal of cell waste

  5. The Brain: Basic Communication There are 3 basic types of neurons • Sensory Neurons conveys information to the brain from receptor cells in sense organs and internal organs • Motor Neurons communicate information to the muscles and glands of the body • Interneuron is responsible for communicating information from one neuron to the next

  6. Neurons and Synapses Types of Neurons Sensory Motor Interneurons

  7. Sensory Neurons • INPUT Fromsensory organs to the brain and spinal cord Brain Drawing shows a somatic neuron Sensory Neuron Spinal Cord

  8. Brain Sensory Neuron Spinal Cord Motor Neuron Motor Neurons • OUTPUTFrom the brain and spinal cord, to the muscles and glands

  9. Brain Sensory Neuron Spinal Cord Motor Neuron Interneurons • Interneurons carry information between other neurons only found in the brain and spinal cord

  10. Parts of a Neuron

  11. Dendrites • Information collectors • Receive inputs from neighboring neurons • Inputs may number in thousands • If enough inputs the cell’s AXON may generate an output

  12. Axon • The cell’s output structure • One axon per cell, 2 distinct parts • tube-like structure • branches at end that connect to dendrites of other cells

  13. Myelination • Myelin Sheath is a fatty covering wrapped around the axons of some neurons that increases their communication speed • Neurons wrapped in myelin communicate their messages up to 20 times faster than do unmyelinated neurons • Those who have Multiple Sclerosis (MS) have a degeneration of patches of myelin which causes the neural transmission to be slowed or interrupted resulting in disturbances in sensation and movement • Other symptoms congruent with MS include muscular weakness, loss of coordination, speech/visual disturbances

  14. How Neurons Communicate • Synapse is the point of communication between 2 neurons • Neurons communicate by means of an electrical or chemical communication • Electrical signals are called the Action Potential • Action Potentials are based on movements of ions between the outside and inside of the cell • When an Action Potential occurs, a molecular message is sent to neighboring neurons

  15. Action Potential Within a Neuron

  16. How Neurons Communicate • Although some neurons in the nervous system communicate electrically, over 99% of synapses in the brain use chemical transmission • Generally, chemical communication occurs when the presynaptic neuron creates a chemical substances that diffuses across the synaptic gap and is detected by the postsynaptic neuron • Axon Terminals are the branches at the end of the axon which contain synaptic vesicles • Synaptic vesicles are sacs in the axon terminals that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters

  17. Types of Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine • Dopamine • Serotonin • Norepinephrine • GABA • Endorphins

  18. Acetylcholine (Ach) • Found in neuromuscular junctions • Involved in muscle movements • Involved in learning and memory • Too much ACh leads to severe muscle spasms and possible death • Cigarettes—nicotine works on ACh receptors • can artificially stimulate skeletal muscles, leading to slight trembling movements • Too little = Alzheimer's

  19. Alzheimer’s Disease • Deterioration of memory, reasoning, and language skills • Symptoms may be due to loss of ACh neurons

  20. Dopamine • Involved in movement, attention and learning • Dopamine imbalance also involved in schizophrenia • See Video—Living with Schizophrenia • Loss of dopamine-producing neurons is cause of Parkinson’s disease

  21. Parkinson’s Disease • Results from loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra • Michael J Fox--Video • Symptoms include • difficulty starting and stopping voluntary movements • tremors at rest • stooped posture • rigidity • poor balance

  22. Parkinson’s Disease • Treatments • L-dopa • transplants of fetal dopamine-producing substantia nigra cells • adrenal gland transplants • electrical stimulation of the thalamus has been used to stop tremors

  23. Serotonin • Involved in sleep • Involved in depression • Prozac works by keeping serotonin in the synapse longer, giving it more time to exert an effect

  24. Norepinephrine • Arousal • “Fight or flight” response

  25. Fight or Flight Response

  26. Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the nervous system

  27. Endorphins • Control pain and pleasure • Released in response to pain • Morphine and codeine work on endorphin receptors; involved in healing effects of acupuncture • Runner’s high— feeling of pleasure after a long run is due to heavy endorphin release

  28. GABA • Inhibition of brain activity • Alcohol and GABA • Huntington’s disease involves loss of neurons in striatum that utilize GABA • Symptoms: • jerky involuntary movements • mental deterioration

  29. Parts of the Nervous System • Central Nervous System (CNS) • Brain and spinal cord • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Carries messages to and from CNS

  30. Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system

  31. Endocrine System • Pituitary gland—attached to the base of the brain, hormones affect the function of other glands • Adrenal glands—hormones involved in human stress response • Gonads—hormones regulate sexual characteristics and reproductive processes. Testes in males, ovaries in females.

  32. Brain • Images • Brainstem • Hindbrain • Midbrain • Forebrain • Limbic system • Cortex

  33. Developing Brain • Neural tube—beginning of nervous system develops at 2 weeks after conception • Neurogenesis—development of new neurons

  34. Hindbrain Structures • Cerebellum • Brainstem • medulla • reticular formation • pons

  35. Cerebellum • Coordinated, rapid voluntary movements • e.g., playing the piano, kicking, throwing, etc. • Lesions to cerebellum • jerky, exaggerated movements • difficulty walking • loss of balance • shaking hands

  36. Medulla • Breathing • Heart rate • Digestion • Other vital reflexes • swallowing • coughing • vomiting • sneezing

  37. Reticular Formation • Network of neurons in the brainstem (and thalamus) • Sleep and arousal • Attention

  38. Pons • Helps coordinate movements on left and right sides of the body • e.g., postural reflexes which help you maintain balance while standing or moving

  39. Forebrain Structures • Thalamus • Limbic System • Cortex

  40. Thalamus • Relay station in brain • Processes most information to and from higher brain centers

  41. The Limbic System • Hypothalamus • Amygdala • Hippocampus

  42. Hypothalamus • Contains nuclei involved in a variety of behaviors • sexual behavior • hunger, thirst • sleep • water and salt balance • body temperature regulation • circadian rhythms • role in hormone secretion

  43. Hypothalamus and Hormones Hypothalamus releases hormones or releasing factors which in turn cause pituitary gland to release its hormones

  44. Amygdala and Emotion • Identify emotion from facial expressions • Responsible for emotions like rage Amygdala damage makes this task difficult (click on picture to advance photos)

  45. Lobes of the Cortex • Frontal lobe—largest lobe, produces voluntary muscle movements, involved in thinking, planning, emotional control • Temporal lobe—primary receiving area for auditory information • Occipital lobe—primary receiving area for visual information • Parietal lobe—processes somatic information

  46. Language and the Brain • Aphasia—partial or complete inability to articulate ideas or understand language because of brain injury or damage • Broca’s area—plays role in speech production • Wernike’s area—plays role in plays role in understanding and meaningful speech

  47. Split brain operation—procedure used to reduces recurrent seizures of severe epilepsy Corpus callosum—thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres Split brain experiment

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