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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. How Securities are Traded. Primary vs. Secondary Security Sales. Primary New issue Key factor: issuer receives the proceeds from the sale Secondary Existing owner sells to another party Issuing firm doesn’t receive proceeds and is not directly involved.

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter3 How Securities are Traded

  2. Primary vs. Secondary Security Sales • Primary • New issue • Key factor: issuer receives the proceeds from the sale • Secondary • Existing owner sells to another party • Issuing firm doesn’t receive proceeds and is not directly involved

  3. Investment Banking Arrangements • Underwritten vs. “Best Efforts” • Underwritten: firm commitment on proceeds to the issuing firm • Best Efforts: no firm commitment • Negotiated vs. Competitive Bid • Negotiated: issuing firm negotiates terms with investment banker • Competitive bid: issuer structures the offering and secures bids

  4. Public Offerings • Public offerings: registered with the SEC and sale is made to the investing public • Shelf registration (Rule 415, since 1982) • Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) • Evidence of underpricing • Performance

  5. Private Placements Private placement: sale to a limited number of sophisticated investors not requiring the protection of registration • Dominated by institutions • Very active market for debt securities • Not active for stock offerings

  6. Organization of Secondary Markets • Organized exchanges • OTC market • Third market • Fourth market

  7. Organized Exchanges • Auction markets with centralized order flow • Dealership function: can be competitive or assigned by the exchange (Specialists) • Securities: stock, futures contracts, options, and to a lesser extent, bonds • Examples: NYSE, AMEX, Regionals, CBOE

  8. OTC Market • Dealer market without centralized order flow • NASDAQ: largest organized stock market for OTC trading; information system for individuals, brokers and dealers • National Market System • Nasdaq SmallCap Market • Lower volume securities • OTC Bulletin Board • Pink Sheets from NASD • Securities: stocks, bonds and some derivatives • Most secondary bonds transactions

  9. Third Market • Trading of listed securities away from the exchange • Institutional market: to facilitate trades of larger blocks of securities • Involves services of dealers and brokers

  10. Fourth Market • Investors trading directly with other investors • Originally developed for institutional trading • Trading now on ECNs • Technological developments leading to individual investors trading directly

  11. Electronic Computer Networks (ECNs) • Major ECNs • Island ECN • Instinet • REDIBook • Archipeligo • Competing with Nasdaq and NYSE for volume • Leads to some fragmentation of markets

  12. Costs of Trading • Commission: fee paid to broker for making the transaction • Spread: cost of trading with dealer • Bid: price dealer will buy from you • Ask: price dealer will sell to you • Spread: ask - bid • Combination: on some trades both are paid

  13. Types of Orders Instructions to the brokers on how to complete the order • Market • Limit • Stop loss

  14. Margin Trading • Using only a portion of the proceeds for an investment • Borrow remaining component • Margin arrangements differ for stocks and futures

  15. Stock Margin Trading • Maximum margin is currently 50%; you can borrow up to 50% of the stock value • Set by the Fed • Maintenance margin: minimum amount equity in trading can be before additional funds must be put into the account • Margin call: notification from broker you must put up additional funds

  16. Margin Trading - Initial Conditions X Corp $70 50% Initial Margin 40% Maintenance Margin 1000 Shares Purchased Initial Position Stock $70,000 Borrowed $35,000 Equity 35,000

  17. Margin Trading - Maintenance Margin Stock price falls to $60 per share New Position Stock $60,000 Borrowed $35,000 Equity 25,000 Margin% = $25,000/$60,000 = 41.67%

  18. Margin Trading - Margin Call How far can the stock price fall before amargin call? (1000P - $35,000)* / 1000P = 40% P = $58.33 * 1000P - Amt Borrowed = Equity

  19. Short Sales Purpose: to profit from a decline in the price of a stock or security Mechanics • Borrow stock through a dealer • Sell it and deposit proceeds and margin in an account • Closing out the position: buy the stock and return to the party from which is was borrowed

  20. Short Sale - Initial Conditions Z Corp 100 Shares 50% Initial Margin 30% Maintenance Margin $100 Initial Price Sale Proceeds $10,000 Margin & Equity 5,000 Stock Owed 10,000

  21. Short Sale - Maintenance Margin Stock Price Rises to $110 Sale Proceeds $10,000 Initial Margin 5,000 Stock Owed 11,000 Net Equity 4,000 Margin % (4000/11000) 36%

  22. Short Sale - Margin Call How much can the stock price rise before a margin call? ($15,000* - 100P) / (100P) = 30% P = $115.38 * Initial margin plus sale proceeds

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