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Investment Appraisal Methods. L3 Business Studies. Investment. Buying the equipment needed to make or sell a product/service. IS Buying productive assets. IS NOT Buying shares, saving in the bank or buying gold. Investment Appraisal.
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Investment Appraisal Methods L3 Business Studies
Investment Buying the equipment needed to make or sell a product/service. IS Buying productive assets IS NOT Buying shares, saving in the bank or buying gold
Investment Appraisal Deciding on the best investment choice from a possible range. involves CHOICE What truck?
Investment Appraisal Learning Objectives 3 methods: Payback Period Accounting Rate of Return Net Present Value
Investment is? Discuss with your partner and make your choice. Write it in your notes. A Putting money in an ASB account B Buying GOLD bars and storing them C Buying productive assets D Investing in XERO shares
Investment is? A Putting money in an ASB account B Buying GOLD bars and storing them C Buying productive assets D Investing in XERO shares
DECISIONS, DECISIONS! Glass company wants to grow and needs a new delivery vehicle. It has decided on 3 possible options HOW DOES IT MAKE A FINAL DECISION? OPTION 2 OPTION 3 OPTION 1
Investment Appraisal 3 methods: Payback Period Accounting Rate of Return Net Present Value
Payback period How long will it take to pay back the initial investment from NET CASH FLOWS OPTION 1: $45000 initial investment OPTION 2 $36000 initial investment OPTION 3 $60000 initial investment
Payback period NET CASH FLOWS are … Income received from asset minus costs of running asset YOU WILL be given the NET CASH FLOW for each investment option in the exam.
Payback period $14000 $14000 $14000 $14000 $14000 0 OPTION 1: 1 2 3 4 5 Years (NET Cash Flow) $45000 If the annual flows are all the same … Initial Investment = PAYBACK PERIOD Annual Net Cash Flows Give it a go yourself
Payback period $14000 $14000 $14000 $14000 $14000 0 OPTION 1: 1 2 3 4 5 Years (NET Cash Flow) $45000
Payback period $10000 $9000 $9000 $12000 $12000 0 OPTION 2: 1 2 3 4 5 Years (NET Cash Flow) If the annual flows are different … $36000 Add each year until you have covered your investment Give it a go yourself
Payback period $10000 $9000 $9000 $12000 $12000 0 OPTION 2: 1 2 3 4 5 Years (NET Cash Flow) $36000
Payback period $18000 $22000 $26000 $26000 $30000 0 OPTION 3: 1 2 3 4 5 Years (NET Cash Flow) $60000 PAYBACK a little harder to find? YOUR TURN A 3yrs 2 mths B 2yrs 6 mths D 2yrs 10mths C 3yrs 8mths
Payback period $18000 $22000 $26000 $26000 $30000 0 OPTION 3: 1 2 3 4 5 Years (NET Cash Flow) $60000 PAYBACK a little harder to find? YOUR TURN A 3yrs 2 mths B 2yrs 6 mths D 2yrs 10mths C 3yrs 8mths
Payback period $18000 $22000 $26000 $26000 $30000 0 OPTION 3: 1 2 3 4 5 Years (NET Cash Flow) $60000 Need $60,00 Add each year until you have covered your investment Sometime in Yr2. Need extra 20,000 out of 26000 in Yr 3. 20,000/26,000= 0.769. 0.769 x 12mths = 9.23 or 10 months approx. PAYBACK = 2 years and 10 months
Payback period WHICH PROJECT? OPTION 1: 3yrs 3mths OPTION 2 3yrs 8mths OPTION 3 2yrs 10mths
Payback period What are the Criteria? OPTION 1: 3yrs 3mths Accept if: 1. Fastest PAYBACK – OPTION 3 OR 2. Meets criteria eg. PAYBACK < 3 yrs – OPTION 3 OPTION 2 3yrs 8mths OPTION 3 2yrs 10mths
Payback Period is? A A method for paying off debts B An approach to help decide on the best investment C The best form of investment appraisal D How long it takes you to pay for equipment
Payback Period is? A A method for paying off debts B An approach to help decide on the best investment C The best form of investment appraisal D How long it takes you to pay for equipment
Payback period WEAKNESSES This method ignores: The total return on the investment project (i.e. the earnings after payback). The timing of the return (slow cash flows to start could result in rejecting profitable projects) .
Investment Appraisal 3 methods: Payback Period Accounting Rate of Return Net Present Value
Average Rate of Return aka Accounting Rate of Return Total Return considered. Expressed as a % OPTION 1: $45000 initial investment OPTION 2 $36000 initial investment OPTION 3 $60000 initial investment
Average Rate of Return aka Accounting Rate of Return Total net cash flows = Total inflows minus initial investment Expected life of asset = Useful life of asset $14000 $14000 $14000 $14000 $14000 Total Net Cash Flows from Asset = Average Annual NCF 0 Expected Life of Asset OPTION 1: 1 2 3 4 5 Years (NET Cash Flow) $45000 Average Annual Net Cash Flows = Accounting Rate of Return Initial Investment
Average Rate of Return aka Accounting Rate of Return $14000 $14000 $14000 $14000 $14000 0 OPTION 1: 1 2 3 4 5 Years (NET Cash Flow) $45000 Total NCF = 70000 – investment 45000 35000/5 = 7000 7000/45000 = 15.5%
Average Rate of Return aka Accounting Rate of Return $10000 $9000 $9000 $12000 $12000 0 OPTION 2: 1 2 3 4 5 Years (NET Cash Flow) $36000 Total Cash inflows = 52000 Life = 5 yrs 52000 – 36000 = 16000/5 = 3200 3200/36000 = 8.9%
Average Rate of Return aka Accounting Rate of Return $18000 $22000 $26000 $26000 $30000 0 OPTION 3: 1 2 3 4 5 Years (NET Cash Flow) $60000 YOUR TURN A 12.6% B 20.0% D 18.3% C 20.7%
Average Rate of Return aka Accounting Rate of Return $18000 $22000 $26000 $26000 $30000 0 OPTION 3: 1 2 3 4 5 Years (NET Cash Flow) $60000 YOUR TURN A 12.6% B 20.0% D 18.3% C 20.7%
Average Rate of Return aka Accounting Rate of Return $18000 $22000 $26000 $26000 $30000 0 OPTION 3: 1 2 3 4 5 Years (NET Cash Flow) $60000 HOW? Total Cash Flows = 122000 Life = 5yrs 122000-60000= 62000/5 = 12400 12400/60000 = 20.7%
Average Rate of Return aka Accounting Rate of Return WHICH PROJECT? OPTION 1: 15.5% OPTION 2: 8.9% OPTION 3: 20.7%
Average Rate of Return aka Accounting Rate of Return What are the Criteria? OPTION 1: 15.5% Accept if: 1. Best ARR– OPTION 3 OR 2. Meets criteria eg. ARR > 16% – OPTION 3 OPTION 2: 8.9% OPTION 3: 20.7%
Average Rate of Return aka Accounting Rate of Return A An unsatisfactory interest rate B An approach to help decide on the best investment C The best form of investment appraisal D aka Economic rate of return
Average Rate of Return aka Accounting Rate of Return A An unsatisfactory interest rate B An approach to help decide on the best investment C The best form of investment appraisal D aka Economic rate of return
Average Rate of Return aka Accounting Rate of Return WEAKNESSES Attaches no importance to the timing of the inflows of cash. A.R.R treats all money as of equal value, irrespective of when it is received. Hence, a project may be favoured even though it only produces a return over a long period of time. .
Average Rate of Return aka Accounting Rate of Return More sophisticated methods take the timing and size of the cash inflows into account. A sum of money in one year's time is worth less than that same sum of money now (i.e. inflation will erode the real value of that sum of money over the year). This is where the notion of present value is used. .
EXAM QUESTION The new machinery will cost $730mExpected net cash flows per year;Year 1 194 Year 2 199 Year 3 207 Year 4 212 Year 5 217
EXAM QUESTION The new machinery will cost $730mExpected net cash flows per year;Year 1 194 Year 2 199 Year 3 207 Year 4 212 Year 5 217
Net Present Value An approach to investment appraisal that takes into account the time value of money
Sophisticated Discounts Cash Flows Net Present Value
The value of future cash flows are discounted back to present day values. A $dollar today is worth more than a $dollar received in the future. Net Present Value
If I gave you $1 today you could invest it in the bank at current interest rates. The same $1 in a years time has not been able to earn that interest so has less value to me in todays terms. Net Present Value
Information you need to calculate: Initial investment Annual cash flows A % discounting rate (k) Net Present Value Present value of net cash inflows minusinitial investment
Net Present Value Present value of net cash inflows minusinitial investment Cash Flow 1 Cash Flow t Cash Flow 2 Cash Flow 3 (1 + k) (1 + k) (1 + k) (1 + k) Cash Flow 0 + + - + 2 3 t = NET PRESENT VALUE
Net Present Value Cash Flow 0 + + - + 2 3 t Cash Flow 2 Cash Flow 3 Cash Flow 1 Cash Flow t (1 + k) (1 + k) (1 + k) (1 + k)
Net Present Value Cash Flow 0 + + - + 2 3 t $14000 $14000 $14000 $14000 $14000 Cash Flow 3 Cash Flow t Cash Flow 2 Cash Flow 1 0 (1 + k) (1 + k) (1 + k) (1 + k) OPTION 1: 1 2 3 4 5 Years (NET Cash Flow) $45000 We will use a discount rate of 8% (.08). You will be given this in the exam
Net Present Value Cash Flow 0 + + - + 2 3 t Cash Flow t Cash Flow 3 Cash Flow 1 Cash Flow 2 14000 14000 14000 14000 14000 (1 + 0.08) (1 + 0.08) (1 + 0.08) (1 + k) (1 + k) (1 + k) (1 + k) (1 + 0.08) (1 + 0.08) + - + + + $45000 4 2 3 5 12962.96 + 12002.74 + 11113.65 + 10290.42 + 9528.16 - 45000 = $10897.93