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Soap and Detergents Manufacture

Soap and Detergents Manufacture. Dr. Lek Wantha. Contents. Soap Raw materials Manufacture Detergents Raw materials Manufacture Biological degradation of detergents Glycerin. 1. Soap. Sodium/potassium salts of variety of fatty acid Oleic Stearic Palmitic Lauric Myristic

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Soap and Detergents Manufacture

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  1. Soap and Detergents Manufacture Dr. LekWantha

  2. Contents • Soap • Raw materials • Manufacture • Detergents • Raw materials • Manufacture • Biological degradation of detergents • Glycerin

  3. 1. Soap • Sodium/potassium salts of variety of fatty acid • Oleic • Stearic • Palmitic • Lauric • Myristic • Sponification Sponification

  4. Soap 1. Carboxylate end of molecule • Hydrophilic (water-loving) 2. Hydrocarbon chain • Hydrophobic (water-hating) • Soap differs from detergents in its action in hard water Micelle 2RCOONa (aq) + Ca2+[RCOO] Ca(s) + 2Na+(aq) soaphard waterInsoluble compound

  5. Micelle # Liquid droplet covered soap or detergent molecules

  6. Cleaning Action of Soap Without soap With soap

  7. Raw Materials • Fatty acid: triglycerides • Builder and additive: NaOH Hydrolysis of triglyceride at 260-265 ºC

  8. Fatty Acid Compositions (%)

  9. Builder and additive

  10. Soap Manufacture Sponfication Amalgamator -Fragrance -Color -Vitamin -Etc. Vacuum spraying Glyceride 1 2 Neat soap 3 Dry soap pellets Rolling mills 4 Soap noodle Soap 5 Extrude Cut Stamp

  11. Soap Manufacture • Step1: Sponification • Oil and fat are heated • Liquid sodium/ potassium salt (neat soap) • By- product (glycerine) • Step2: Vacuum spray drying • Drying soap to pellet • Step3: Soap finishing line • Drying soap pellet to bar • Added fragrance, vitamin and color

  12. Soap Manufacture • Step4: Homogenized and refined • Step5: Stamp in bar Soap properties -Fat and oils -Alkali employed Hard soap (bar soap): sodium hydroxide Liquid soap: potassium hydroxide

  13. NaOH solution Oil mix Glycerine Half spent lye Saponification vessel Spent lye Glycerine recovery Static separator Crud soap Fresh lye Soap washing Fresh lye Washed soap Fresh lye Centrifuge

  14. Wet soap Coconut oil or some other weak acids Soap neutralisation Preservatives Soap drying Soap chips Plodder worms Soap noodles

  15. 2. Detergents • Cleansing materials • Surface active in aqueous solution • Surfactant • Surfactant with carboxyl, sulfate, sulfonate groups are used as sodium or potassium salts Oil- soluble part organic group (Usually the equivalent of an 8 to 18 carbon hydrocarbon) Water soluble part -COO-Na+ -SO4-Na+ -SO3-Na+ -OH Hydrophile Hydroprobe Surfactant molecule

  16. Surfactant Molecule in Water As same as Soap

  17. 4 Groups of Surfactant

  18. Groups of Surfactant Anionic Cationic • Anionic Alkylbenzenesulfonate Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide (HDPBr)

  19. Raw Materials #1.Fatty acid: triglycerides Triglyceride+H2 Glycerol +Fatty alcohol #2. Alkyl Benzene Pressure Catalyst CH2=CH2 Benzene Linear alkyl benzene

  20. Raw Materials #3. Builder boost detergent power :70-80% of detergents Sodium tripolyphosphate Sodium metaphosphate Phosphate Builder • Reduce water hardness • Reduce re-deposition of soil from wash water on fabric

  21. Additives

  22. Detergent Manufacture #1 Sulfation and/or sulfonation Alkyl benzene Alkyl benzene sulfonate Oleum

  23. Detergent Manufacture #2 Neutralization Sulfonation Sulfation Neutralization

  24. Detergent Manufacture Liquid Ingredients Dry Ingredients 3 4 Heat Sensing Ingredients Crutcher Detergent Spray Drying 1 2

  25. Biological Degradation of Detergents Degradation by microbial = biodegradability Non linear alkyl benzene sulfonate • Lower biodegradability • Lower cost Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate • Higher biodegradability • More expensive

  26. 3. Glycerin • Glycerine or Glycerol • Clear, sweet, odorless • Occur in triglyceride • Using • Cosmetics • Pharmaceutical • Food • 2 types • Natural glycerin: oil, fat • By product of soup production • Synthetic glycerin: petroleum

  27. Crude Glycerin Settling Tank Fat skimming Condensers Fresh Tank Crude Glycerin (78% glycerol) Glycerin Still Still Feed Tank Evaporators Heat Exchanger Product Tanks Filter Refined glycerin (95-99% glycerol) Natural glycerin Bleaching Tank 27 HG= high gravity; YD = yellow distilled

  28. +H2O2 Synthetic glycerin Acetone Isopropyl alcohol Glyceroldehyde H2 O2 H2O NaOH HOCl Glycerol NaOH Allyl chloride Propylene Cl2 H2O H2O HOCl NaOH NaOH Glycerol dichlorohydrin Glycidol NaOH Epichlorohydrin

  29. Soap vs. Detergents Hard water contains minerals w/ions like Ca2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+ that replace Na1+ at polar end of soap molecule. Soap is changed into an insoluble precipitate (i.e., soap scum).

  30. Sources • http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/pollution/phosphates/pdf/phosphates.pdf • http://www.chemithon.com/Resources/pdfs/Technical_papers/Sulfo%20and%20Sulfa%201.pdf • http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Aug2004/pdf/Aug2004p35-45.pdf • Kiattikomol, R. Chemical process industries. Faculty of Engineer, Burapha University.

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