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Essentials of Human Anatomy Introduction

Essentials of Human Anatomy Introduction. Chapter 1. 1. THE DEFINITION OF ANATOMY. Anatomy Greek=to cut up, or dissect The science that deals with the structure of the body Kinds: Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy Developmental Anatomy. Gross Anatomy. Definition:

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Essentials of Human Anatomy Introduction

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  1. Essentials of Human AnatomyIntroduction Chapter 1 1

  2. THE DEFINITION OF ANATOMY • Anatomy • Greek=to cut up, or dissect • The science that deals with the structure of the body • Kinds: • Gross Anatomy • Microscopic Anatomy • Developmental Anatomy

  3. Gross Anatomy • Definition: • That which can be seen with the naked eye • Kinds: • Regional: • body studied by area • Systematic: • body studied by system

  4. Microscopic Anatomy • Definition: • That which can be seen with the assisted eye • Kinds: • Cytology: • The study of cells • Histology: • The study of tissues • Organology: • The study of organs

  5. Developmental Anatomy • Definition: • The study of anatomical changes in a life cycle • Kinds: • Embryology: • The study of prenatal development • Postnatal development: • The study of structures after birth

  6. Physiology • The scientific discipline that studies the function of body structures. • Structure and function cannot be completely separated. • Form is related to function

  7. Levels ofOrganization Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, neutrons Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell Tissue – simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system Organism - human 7

  8. Integumentary System • Components • Skin • Hair, nails • Function • External covering • Protection • Synthesis of Vitamin D • Location of Sense receptors

  9. Skeletal System • Components • Bones • Joints and adjacent cartilages • Function • Support • Protection • Movement • Blood cell production (red bone marrow) • Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus)

  10. Muscular System • Components • Skeletal Muscles • Associated Connective Tissues (tendons) • Function • Locomotion • Manipulation of the environment • Facial expression (communication) • Maintain posture • Produce heat

  11. Circulatory System • Components • Cardiovascular System • Lymphatic System • Function • Transportation of materials Within the body • To and from internal and external environments

  12. Cardiovascular System • Components • Heart • Vessels • Function • Transportation of blood • Blood contains O2 andCO2, nutrients, wastes, etc. • Blood composed of plasma and cells

  13. Lymphatic System • Components • Lymphatic Organs (spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, etc.) • Lymphatic Vessels • Function • Transportation of lymph • Lymph is derived from tissue fluid • Houses white blood cells

  14. Immune System • Components • Immune Organs (red bone marrow, thymus, etc.) • White blood cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, etc.) • Function • Defense (Immune response)

  15. Nervous System • Components • Brain, Spinal cord (CNS) • Nerves (PNS), sense receptors • Function • Control system (fast, “hard wired”) • Response to external and internal environments

  16. Endocrine System • Components • Glands that secrete hormones • E.g.:Pituitary, pancreas, thyroid • Function • Control system (slow, “chemical”) • Regulates processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use

  17. Respiratory System • Components • Lungs • Tubing ( trachea, bronchus, etc.) • Larynx (vocal cords) • Function • Exchange of respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) between blood and atmosphere • Voice production

  18. Digestive System • Components • Alimentary canal (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) • Accessory structures(liver, salivary glands, etc.) • Function • Break down food into small, absorbable pieces • Between blood and lumen • Eliminate waste

  19. Urinary System • Components • Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra • Function • Eliminate waste (nitrogen) from blood • Between blood and external environment • Regulates water, electrolytes, acid/base

  20. Reproductive System • Components • Male Reproductive System • Female Reproductive System • Function • Perpetuation of the species • Hormones influence structure and function • Sexually bimorphic species

  21. AnatomicalTerminology • Anatomic position is a specific body position in which an individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor. • The head is level, and the eyeslook forward toward the observer. • The arms are at either side of the body with the palmsfacing forward and the thumbspointing away from the body.

  22. ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY HUMAN BODY AXIAL PORTIONAPPENDICULAR PORTION head arms neck legs trunk

  23. Anatomical Terminology • A planeis an imaginary surface that slices the body into specific sections. • The three major anatomic planes of reference are the coronal, transverse, and sagittal planes.

  24. Sectionsand Planes A coronal plane, also called a frontal plane, is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

  25. Sectionsand Planes • A transverse plane, also called a cross-sectional plane or horizontal plane, cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ separating it into both superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.

  26. Sectionsand Planes • A sagittalplane or median plane, extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves.

  27. Sections and Planes • A sagittal plane in the body midline is a midsagittal plane. • A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but either to the left or the right of it, is termed a parasagittal (or sagittal) plane. • A minor plane, called the oblique plane, passes through the specimen at an angle.

  28. Directional Terms of the Body • Directional terms are precise and brief, and for most of them there is a correlative term that means just the opposite.

  29. Relative and Directional Terms of the Body • Relative to front (belly side) or back (back side) of the body : • Anterior = In front of; toward the front surface • Posterior = In back of; toward the back surface • Dorsal =At the back side of the human body • Ventral = At the belly side of the human body

  30. Relative and Directional Terms of the Body • Relative to the head or tail of the body: • Superior = Toward the head or above • Inferior = Toward feet not head • Caudal = At the rear or tail end • Cranial = At the head end

  31. Relative and Directional Terms of the Body • Relative to the midline or center of the body: • Medial = Toward the midline of the body • Lateral = Away from the midline of the body • Deep = On the inside, underneath another structure • Superficial = On the outside

  32. Relative and Directional Terms of the Body • Relative to point of attachment of the appendage: • Proximal = Closest to point of attachment to trunk • Distal = Furthest from point of attachment to trunk

  33. Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes 1. Membrane = a soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that either: A. covers a vital (visceral organ) = VISCERAL MEMBRANE B. Lines a body cavity = PARIETAL MEMBRANE 2. There is a space between a visceral and parietal membrane into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for lubrication.

  34. Ventral Body Cavity Membranes • Parietal serosa lines internal body walls • Visceral serosa covers the internal organs • Serous fluid separates the serosae

  35. There are specific names for the membranes around the heart, lungs, and abdominal organs: Serous Membranes of the LUNGS: - The membrane on the surface of the lung is called visceral pleura. - The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located is called parietal pleura. - The space between these two membranes is called the pleural cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.

  36. Serous Membranes of the HEART: - The membrane on the surface of the heart is called visceral pericardium. - The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is located is called parietal pericardium. - The space between these two membranes is called the pericardial cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.

  37. Serous Membranes of theABDOMINAL ORGANS: - The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is called visceral peritoneum. - The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called parietal peritoneum. - The space between these two membranes is called the peritoneal cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.

  38. Organization of the Body

  39. Organization of the Body

  40. Abdominal Divisions • Quadrants: 4 • Right Upper Quadrant • Right Lower Quadrant • Left Upper Quadrant • Left Lower Quadrant

  41. Abdominal Divisions • Regions: 9 • Rt Hypochondriac region • Rt Lumbar region • Rt Iliac (Inguinal) region • Epigastric region • Umbilical region • Hypogastric (Pubic) region • Lt Hypochondriac region • Lt Lumbar region • Lt Iliac (Inguinal) region

  42. THE END

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