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Micky Holcomb Condensed Matter Physicist West Virginia University

Green Your Machine: The Physics of More Efficient Computers and Cell Phones See the notes in the PPT file for ~script. Micky Holcomb Condensed Matter Physicist West Virginia University. http://community.wvu.edu/~mbh039/. mikel.holcomb@mail.wvu.edu. Progress Through Size. 1950s.

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Micky Holcomb Condensed Matter Physicist West Virginia University

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  1. Green Your Machine: The Physics of More Efficient Computers and Cell Phones See the notes in the PPT file for ~script. Micky Holcomb Condensed Matter Physicist West Virginia University http://community.wvu.edu/~mbh039/ mikel.holcomb@mail.wvu.edu

  2. Progress Through Size 1950s

  3. Shortening the Race = Faster

  4. Doubling (Moore’s Law) ~ Every 2 years, Twice as many transistors can fit in the same space With the same cost! 12 years later 2 Today, >200 million transistors can fit on the head of a pin! By 2050 - if trends continue - a device the size of a micro-SD card will have storage of ~ 3x the brain capacity of the entire human race!

  5. What is Electricity? In some materials (metals), these electrons move freely under an applied voltage. Not in insulators.

  6. 1) Making Them Smaller In a transistor, a voltage on the metalcan induce flow of electricity between the two other contacts called the source (In) and drain (Out). Voltage (C) Area Speed Area Electron flow Thickness Electron flow In Out Metal Insulator B A Silicon The flow of electricity is affected by: properties of the insulator, the areaof A&B and the insulatorthickness

  7. Quantum Tunneling?!? Electrons are lazy! If the hill isn’t too wide, they tunnel through it. Not good.

  8. 2) Replacement Oxides • Insulating properties (resists electron flow) • “Plays nice” with current Si technology (temperature and quality) • Many materials have been tried but none are as cheap and easy to manipulate as existing SiO2.

  9. 3) Strain Industry found that it could improve electron travel by straining (essentially squeezing) silicon. Strain can allow quicker, more efficient transfer of electrons.

  10. Reaching the Limits 1) Scaling 2) Replacements 3) Strain We are reaching the limit that these strategies can continue to improve technology.

  11. 4) Different Approach: Magnetism

  12. Using Magnetism 0 0 1 Problems with Magnetic Fields Require a lot of power Heating problems Difficult to localize – limits size Magnetic field

  13. Electrical Control of Magnetism Materials with strong coupling between electricity and magnetism at room temperature are rare - Simple idea: Grow a magnetic material on top of an electric material Boundary - Problem: the physics at boundaries is not yet well understood

  14. Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) Chamber Modern growth techniques make fabrication of such structures possible! base

  15. Our “Laser” Femtosecond pulses, one million times smaller than nanoseconds! Power of a laser pen: 5 mW Power of our lab’s laser: 1500 mW Paper will burn at 95 mW

  16. Cooling Down the Physics Cryostat: where the material is Antarctica reaches temperatures of -129°F Capable of reaching temperatures of -450°F This is just above ABSOLUTE ZERO, the coldest possible temperature. Other cool features: Low vibration stage Sample rotation

  17. Measurements Elsewhere Experiments At National Labs: X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Photoemission Electron Microscopy (PEEM)

  18. Electric Control of Magnetism Second E switch First E switch magnetic layer Before electric layer underneath Grey (up) Average direction Black (right) Arrows indicant direction of magnetism (0 or 1)

  19. Summary Magnetic Electric Basic physics research has allowed significant progress in computing and other modern day technologies. As computers continue to get smaller, the physics becomes more interesting. Magnetoelectric materials offer a pathway to new devices. Magnetic and ferroelectric materials can be imaged and studied at WVU and national laboratories. Magnetic domains can be changed by an electric field. This work is funded by

  20. Our Science Superheroes A few of my collaborators: Left to Right: SrinivasPolisetty (post-doc), Disheng Chen (grad), Jinling Zhou (grad), Evan Wolfe (undergrad), Micky Holcomb (advisor) and Charles Frye (undergrad) National Chiao Tung University (Taiwan)

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