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CIS 720

CIS 720. Concurrency Control. Locking. Atomic statement Can be used to perform two or more updates atomically Th1: …. < x = x + 1; y = z>;……. Th2:………….<m = m + 1;….>;……. Transactions. A database system is a set of shared data objects

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CIS 720

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  1. CIS 720 Concurrency Control

  2. Locking • Atomic statement • Can be used to perform two or more updates atomically Th1: …. < x = x + 1; y = z>;……. Th2:………….<m = m + 1;….>;…….

  3. Transactions • A database system is a set of shared data objects • A transaction is a sequential program which accesses data objects in the database • Each transaction is a sequence of read and write operations

  4. The Transaction Model • Examples of primitives for transactions.

  5. Transactions • Each transaction is a sequence of read and write operations • The read set of transaction T, denoted by rs(t), is a set of variables read by T. • The write set ws(T) is defined similarly

  6. Banking System Withdraw(amount, account) { y = db.account; if y > amount y = y - amount; db.account = y; } Deposit(amount, account) { x = db.account; x = x + amount; db.account = x; }

  7. Distributed Transactions

  8. A database has an invariant I (integrity constraint). • Each transaction is designed to preserve I • If transactions are executed simultaneously, then they may interfere and invalidate I. • The task of concurrency control is to preserve I.

  9. Banking System Transaction 1: Deposit $50 in Acc1 Transaction 2: Deposit $70 in Acc2 Possible interleavings T1.x = db.Acc1; T1.x = T1.x + 50 T2.x = db.Acc1; T2.x = T2.x + 70; db.Acc1 = T1.x db.Acc1 = T2.x Deposit(amount, account) { x = db.account; x = x + amount; db.account = x; }

  10. Concurrency Control • General organization of managers for handling transactions.

  11. Concurrency Control • General organization of managers for handling distributed transactions.

  12. A schedule is any execution of a set of transaction operations • Two schedules T1 and T2 are equivalent if - all read operations return the same value in both schedules - the final database state is the same in both schedules

  13. T1: r1(x)0 w1(x)1 T2: r2(y)0 r2(x)1 w2(y)2 T1: r1(x)0 w1(x)1 T2: r2(y)0 r2(x)1 w2(y)2 T1: r1(x)0 w1(x)1 T2: r2(y)0 r2(x)1 w2(y)2

  14. T1: r1(y)1 w1(x)1 T2: w2(y)1 r2(x)1 w2(y)2 T1: r1(y)0 w1(x)1 T2: w2(y)1 r2(x)1 w2(y)2 T1: r1(y)0 w1(x)1 T2: w2(y)1 r2(x)0 w2(y)2

  15. A serial schedule is a schedule in which transactions execute one at a time. • We know that a serial schedule preserves IC of the database • A concurrency control algorithm can restricts the execution so that all schedules are serial.

  16. A CC ensures that all schedules are equivalent to some serial schedule • A schedule that is equivalent to a serial schedule is called serializable

  17. Untyped Concurrency control • Assumes that all transactions with intersecting read and write sets interfere with one another. • How can we determine whether a schedule is serializable • Let T1,…,Tn be a set of transactions • Define a graph G with transactions as nodes • There is an edge from Ti to Tj if - there exists a read rj(x) which reads from wi(x) - there exists a read ri(x) that occurs before wj(x) - there exists a write wi(x) that occurs before wj(x)

  18. A graph is serializable if the graph is acyclic

  19. Two-phase Locking • Obtain a read or write lock before reading or writing a variable respectively. • rl(x): read lock operation • ul(x): unlock operation • wl(x): write lock operation

  20. Locking rules: - two read locks can be given at the same time; read and write lock must be exclusive * conflict table

  21. Simple locking does not ensure serializability

  22. T1: r1(y)1 w1(x)1 T2: w2(y)1 r2(x)1 w2(y)2 T1: rl(y) r1(y)1 ul(y)wl(x) w1(x)1 ul(x) T2: wl(y) w2(y)1 ul(y)rl(x) r2(x)1 ul(x)wl(y) w2(y)2 ul(y)

  23. Two phase locking rule • Locking phase: acquire all locks • Unlocking phase: release all locks • Two-phase locking ensures serializability • It is prone to deadlocks

  24. Two-Phase Locking (1) • Two-phase locking.

  25. Two-Phase Locking (2) • Strict two-phase locking.

  26. Writeahead Log • a) A transaction • b) – d) The log before each statement is executed

  27. Graph based protocols • Impose a partial ordering  on data items • If d1  d2, then any transaction accessing both d1 and d2 must first access d1 before d2.

  28. Tree protocol • Only exclusive locks are allowed • First item to be locked can be any one • Next, a data item can be locked only if the parent is already locked • Data items can be unlocked at any time • A data item cannot be relocked by a transaction.

  29. Semantics-based concurrency control • If transactions T1 and T2 do not interfere then they can be executed concurrently. • Two operations op1 and op2 do not conflict if they commute (that is, op1; op2 is the same as op2; op1)

  30. Predicate Locking • Each transaction specifies a predicate as a lock. • A new transaction can execute if it does not interfere with existing predicate locks

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