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The History of Psychology

The History of Psychology. Chapter 1 Section 2. Where did the scientific method come from?. Wilhelm Wundt 1879 Leipzig, Germany First psychology laboratory Claims: psychology has 2 elements (sensations and feelings) Procedure used: “introspection”

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The History of Psychology

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  1. The History of Psychology Chapter 1 Section 2

  2. Where did the scientific method come from? • Wilhelm Wundt • 1879 • Leipzig, Germany • First psychology laboratory • Claims: psychology has 2 elements (sensations and feelings) • Procedure used: “introspection” • Acknowledged as establishing modern psychology as a separate, formal field of study

  3. The Greeks • 5th & 6th centuries B.C. • Started to study human behavior • gods did not control people’s lives • People’s minds controlled their lives • People were rational

  4. Dualism • 1600’s (17th Century) • Mind and body are separate

  5. Phrenology • 1800’s (19th century) • Studying the bumps on a person’s head to figure out their intelligence or personality

  6. Rene Descartes(1596-1650) • Mind and body are linked • The mind controls the body’s movements, sensations, perceptions • Mind & body together create a person’s experience

  7. Approaches to the Science of Behavior Historical Approaches Contemporary Approaches Psychoanalytic Psychology Behavioral Psychology Humanistic Psychology Cognitive Psychology Biological Psychology Sociocultural Psychology • Structuralism • Functionalism • Inheritable Traits • Gestalt Psychology

  8. Historical Approaches • Structuralism • Functionalism • Inheritable Traits • Gestalt Psychology

  9. Structuralism • Main person: Wilhelm Wundt • Study human behavior in a systematic and scientific way • Interested in the basic elements of the human experience • Introspection – self observation • Tried to map out the basic structure of thought processes

  10. Functionalism • Main person: William James • Taught the first psychology class at Harvard (1875) • “father of psychology” • Wrote: The Principles of Psychology • Thinking, feeling, learning, remembering all help us survive as a species • Focused on the functions/purpose of the mind & functions of behavior • Study how mental processes help animals & people adapt to their environment

  11. Inheritable Traits • Main person: Sir Francis Galton • English mathematician/scientist • Studied biographies • Encouraged “good” marriages to fill the world with talented people • Came up with the first/primitive personality & intelligence tests • Studies how heredity influences a person’s abilities, character & behavior • Heredity or environment?

  12. Gestalt Psychology • Main people: German psychologists • Mac Wetheimer • Wolfgang Kohler • Kurt Koffka • Perception is more than the sum of its parts • “whole pattern” – Gestalt • Studies how sensations are put together into perceptual experiences

  13. Contemporary Approaches • Psychoanalytic Psychology • Behavioral Psychology • Humanistic Psychology • Cognitive Psychology • Biological Psychology • Sociocultural Psychology

  14. Psychoanalytic Psychology • Main person: Sigmund Freud • Vienna doctor • Focused on unconscious mind • Free association • Dream analysis • most of your feelings come from a hidden place in your mind called the unconscious. • We protect ourselves from our real feeling by using defense mechanisms.

  15. Behavioral Psychology • Main people: • Ivan Pavlov • John B. Watson • B.F. Skinner • Behavior as the product of past experiences • Stressed investigating only observable behavior • Use of reinforcement to make behavior happen again

  16. Humanistic Psychology • Main people: • Abraham Maslow • Carl Rogers • Rollo May • Human nature evolves & is self directed • Internal growth • Each person is unique • Each person has a self-concept & potential to develop fully • Growth leads to a more satisfying life

  17. Cognitive Psychology • Main people: • Jean Piaget • Noam Chomsky • Leon Festinger • Focus on how we process, store & use information • How information influences our thinking, language, problem solving, & creativity • Behavior is influenced by a variety of mental processes (perceptions, memories, expectations)

  18. Biological Psychology • Biology impacts our behavior • Study how the brain, nervous system, hormones & genetics influence our behavior

  19. Sociocultural Psychology • Studies the influence of cultural & ethnic similarities/differences on behavior & social functioning • Culture influences ways of thinking, feeling & behaving • Looks at gender, socioeconomic status

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