Altered States of Consciousness: Sleep, Dreams, Hypnosis, Biofeedback, Meditation, and Drugs

1. Splash Screen

2. Bellwork: Our next chapter is called Altered States of Consciousness. Write down what you think that means. Chapter Menu

3. Chapter Introduction Section 1: Sleep and Dreams Section 2:Hypnosis, Biofeedback, and Meditation Section 3:Drugs and Consciousness Chapter Menu

4. Chapter Objectives · Section 1 Sleep and Dreams Discuss the four stages of sleep and the period of dreaming. Chapter Preview 1

5. Chapter Objectives · Section 2 Hypnosis, Biofeedback, and Meditation Understand that hypnosis, biofeedback, and meditation are altered states of consciousness that can occur while we are awake. Chapter Preview 2

6. Chapter Objectives · Section 3 Drugs and Consciousness Describe psychoactive drugs and how they interact with the central nervous system to alter consciousness. Chapter Preview 3

7. Chapter Preview-End

8. Main Idea Sleep—an essential state of consciousness—involves four stages and a period of dreaming. Section 1-Main Idea

9. Vocabulary • consciousness • REM sleep • circadian rhythm • insomnia • sleep apnea • narcolepsy • nightmares • night terrors • sleepwalking Section 1-Key Terms

10. Objectives • Describe the research related to sleep and dreams. • List and discuss sleep disorders. Section 1-Objectives

11. A B C D How many hours do you usually sleep at night? A.4 hours or less B.5–6 hours C.7–8 hours D.More than 8 Section 1-Polling Question

12. Sleep and Dreams • Consciousness is a state of awareness, including a person’s feelings, sensations, ideas, and perceptions. • Consciousness can range from alertness to nonalertness. • A person who is not completely aware is considered in an altered state of consciousness. One example would be sleep. Freud’s Levels of Consciousness Section 1

13. Sleep and Dreams • Until recently it has been extremely difficult to study sleep because a researcher would have to wake the patient to get feedback. • EEGs (electroencephalographs) have made studying sleep easier, as it records the electrical activity of the brain. Freud’s Levels of Consciousness Section 1

14. Why Do We Sleep? • Sleep is characterized by unresponsiveness to the environment and usually limited physical mobility. Section 1

15. Why Do We Sleep? (cont.) • Theories: • It’s a restorative process. • Primitive hibernation: we sleep to conserve energy. • An adaptive process: sleep kept humans out of harm’s way at night in earlier times. • A way to clear our minds of useless information (reboot). • We sleep to dream. Section 1

16. Section 1

17. Stages of Sleep There are 4 non-REM sleep stages. • Stage I—your pulse slows, your muscles relax, your breathing becomes uneven and your brain waves grow irregular. Brain goes through alpha waves to theta waves. • Many also experience sudden muscle contractions called hypnic myoclonia, often preceded by a sensation of starting to fall. These sudden movements are similar to the "jump" we make when startled. Section 1

18. Stages of Sleep (cont.) • Stage II—your brain waves shift from low-amplitude, high frequency waves to high amplitude, low frequency waves (sleep spindles); your eyes roll slowly from side to side. • Stage III—large-amplitude delta waves begin to sweep your brain every second or so. • Stage IV—large, regular delta waves occurring more than 50% of the time indicate this level; talking out loud, bedwetting, sleepwalking all happen at this stage. Section 1

19. Stages of Sleep (cont.) • REM sleep—a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, a high level of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles, and dreaming. • Every 90 minutes or so you shift between Stage IV sleep and REM sleep (the length of REM sleep increases each time). Patterns of Sleep Section 1

20. A B C D What percentage of time sleeping does a person stay in REM sleep? A.25 B.50 C. 75 D.100 Section 1

21. How Much Sleep? • Humans spend approximately one-third of their lives in sleep. • The amount of sleep someone needs varies, but it does appear that everyone sleeps and that both REM and NREM sleep are important for normal functioning. Section 1

22. Bellwork • What did you dream last night? Can you relate it to your waking life? • (If you don’t remember last night’s dream, relate the last one you can remember.) Section 1

23. How Much Sleep? (cont.) • Circadian rhythm—a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses within a time period of approximately 24.18 hours. • These rhythms operate even when normal day and night cues are removed. Section 1

24. A B C D Approximately what percentage of a lifetime do humans spend asleep? A.Two-thirds B.One-third C.Three-fourths D.Two-fourths Section 1

25. Sleep Disorders • Insomnia • Sleep apnea • Narcolepsy • Nightmares • Night terrors • Sleepwalking Section 1

26. A B C D What are some dangers associated with these sleep disorders? A.Quality of life B.Personal health issues C.Industrial/traffic accidents D.All of the above Section 1

27. Dreams • The first few dreams of the night are composed of vague thoughts left over from the day. • As the night goes on, dreams become longer and more vivid and dramatic (especially during REM sleep). Section 1

28. Dreams (cont.) • Most dreams involve either strenuous recreational activities or passive events. • A large percentage of emotions experienced in dreams are negative. • Dreams occur in real time. Section 1

29. Dreams (cont.) • Theories of why we dream: • Many people, such as Freud, believe that dreams contain hidden meaning. • The Inuits believe that dreaming is a way to interact with the spiritual world. • Some social scientists believe that dreams serve no function. • One dream researcher believes that dreams help us solve problems. • One theorist believes that dreams are the brain’s way of removing certain unneeded memories. Section 1

30. Dreams (cont.) • Daydreaming requires a low level of awareness and involves fantasizing, or idle but directed thinking, while we are awake. Section 1

31. Dreams (cont.) • The purpose of daydreaming: • Reminding us of, or preparing us for, future events. • It may improve our creativity by generating thought processes. • It may allow us to control our emotions. Section 1

32. A B C D Do you agree with Freud in that dream interpretation is valid? A.Very much so B.Somewhat C.Not really D.Not at all Section 1

33. Section 1-End

34. Main Idea Hypnosis, biofeedback, and meditation are altered states of consciousness that can occur when we are awake. Section 2-Main Idea

35. Vocabulary • hypnosis • posthypnotic suggestion • biofeedback • meditation Section 2-Key Terms

36. Objectives • Determine how hypnosis relates to consciousness. • Describe research into such techniques as biofeedback and meditation. Section 2-Objectives

37. A B C D Which of the following uses of hypnosis do you believe would be the most effective? A.Quit smoking B.Lose weight C.Manage stress D.All of the above Section 2-Polling Question

38. Bellwork • Read p. 192, Profiles in Psychology. • Answer at the beginning of today’s notes: • How did Mesmer treat his patients’ medical problems? • What did he consider animal magnetism? Franz Anton Mesmer Section 2

39. What is hypnosis? • Hypnosis is a state of consciousness resulting from a narrowed focus of attention and characterized by heightened suggestibility. • Mutual trust between the hypnotist and the participant is important. Franz Anton Mesmer Section 2

40. What is hypnosis? (cont.) • Theories about hypnosis: • Theodore Barber believes that hypnosis is not a special state of consciousness but simply the result of suggestibility. • Neodissociation theory—Ernest Hilgard believes that consciousness includes many different aspects that may become separated, or dissociated, during hypnosis. Section 2

41. What is hypnosis? (cont.) • “Hidden observer”—a portion of the personality that watches and reports what happens to the hypnotized person. • Some theorists believe that hypnotized people behave as they do because they have accepted the role of a hypnotized subject. Section 2

42. What is hypnosis? (cont.) • Hypnosis can be used for medical and therapeutic reasons: • Posthypnotic suggestion—a suggestion made during hypnosis that influences the participant’s behavior afterward. • Hypnotic analgesia refers to a reduction of pain after patients have undergone hypnosis. Section 2

43. What is hypnosis? (cont.) • Therapists can also use hypnosis to help clients reveal their problems or gain insight into their lives. Section 2

44. A B C In relation to hypnosis, who do you most agree with? A.Theodore Barber B.Ernest Hilgard C.Franz Anton Mesmer Section 2

45. Biofeedback • Biofeedback—the process of learning to control bodily states with the help of machines that monitor the states to be controlled. • Biofeedback has been used to teach people to control a wide variety of physiological responses. Section 2

46. A B C D Biofeedback is used to teach people to control a wide variety of what? A.Brain waves (EEG) B.Heart rate C.Blood pressure D.All of the above Section 2

47. Meditation • Meditation involves the focusing of attention to clear one’s mind and produce relaxation. Section 2

48. Bellwork Read p. 196. Answer #1-3 that follow. Section 2

49. Meditation (cont.) • Three major approaches: • Transcendental meditation involves the mental repetition of a mantra, usually a Sanskrit phrase. • Mindfulness meditation focuses on the present moment. • Breath meditation is concentrating on one’s respiration—the process of inhaling and exhaling. Section 2

50. A B C Which type of meditation focuses on the present moment? A.Transcendental B.Mindfulness C.Breath Section 2