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Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance

Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance. Lesson 16. Life: The School of Hard Knocks. Learning with aversive stimuli pain sickness Positive Punishment B  aversive outcome Negative RFT escape & avoidance Classical conditioning pair neutral stimulus w/ shock ~.

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Aversive Control of Behavior: Punishment & Avoidance

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  1. Aversive Control of Behavior:Punishment & Avoidance Lesson 16

  2. Life: The School of Hard Knocks • Learning with aversive stimuli • pain • sickness • Positive Punishment • B  aversive outcome • Negative RFT • escape & avoidance • Classical conditioning • pair neutral stimulus w/ shock ~

  3. B  aversive SR • What type of punishment? • Positive punishment • Difficult to do human, ethics • but some human evidence • Mostly animal research ~

  4. Factors that influence efficacy • Punishment is associative process • Trials effect • punished B  aversive SR • greater suppression • Intensity (magnitude) • greater intensity  greater efficacy • Delay of punishment • longer delay  less effective ~

  5. Factors that influence efficacy • History of punishment • start w/ weak ineffective punishment • more intense punishment less effective • Habituation occurs • Alternate routes of reinforcement • Provide alternate responses to gain reward after punishment • increases effectiveness ~

  6. Human Case Study • NOT an experiment • 9 month old boy w/ chronic vomiting • near death before treatment • Recorded precise muscle activity • identified muscle activity that preceded vomiting ~

  7. Procedure • Vomiting muscle activity observed • Punished w/ shock • produced startle response • but not crying • Results • Vomiting eliminated after 5 trials over 3 days • BUT… ~

  8. Potential Side Effects • Unintended & undesirable • Response generalization • other responses to aversive stimuli • anger/fear/aggression • avoidance • Global effects • can be worse than behavior punished ~

  9. Monkey Study • Learn to push button to get food • opens a door • Put toy snake in food dish • quit pushing button after a few trials • Side effects • lost interest in eating • lost social status • lower in hierarchy ~

  10. Painful Stimuli & Aggression • College women • 1 teaches another words • 1 group of teachers hand in warm water • Other while hand in ice water • Results • Ice water group  verbally aggressive ~

  11. Alternatives to Positive Punishment • Time-out • Remove opportunities for RFT • Response cost • Fines, loss of privileges • Differential RFT of … • Other Behaviors (DRO) • Incompatible Behaviors (DRI) ~

  12. Escape & Avoidance:Negative Reinforcement

  13. Escape / Avoidance • Shuttle Box • 2 compartments • Can jump over barrier • Electrified grid • Speaker/light • emits signal ~

  14. Shuttlebox speaker Tone on

  15. Shuttlebox speaker Shock on

  16. Shuttlebox speaker Jumps barrier

  17. Shuttlebox speaker • What is outcome?

  18. Shuttlebox • Jumping over barrier terminates shock • More trials  responds more quickly • learns to avoid shock ~

  19. Shuttlebox speaker Tone on

  20. Shuttlebox speaker Jumps barrier before shock on

  21. Shuttlebox speaker • What is outcome?

  22. Shuttlebox Results • Early trials: escapes shock • After may trials: avoidance • Shift from • escape  avoidance • Why? ~

  23. Mowerer’s 2 Process Theory (1947) • 2 processes involved in escape/avoidance • Operant & Classical Conditioning • Early trials  escape (operant) shock (SD)  jumping (B)  escape (SR) • Later trials  avoidance (CC involved) Tone (CS) evokes fear (CER) • B  reduces fear drive • strengthens response ~

  24. So... • Avoidance = escape from fear • fear is classically conditioned • Tone = SD & CS • Avoidance  no shock? • Does extinction occur? • 2 process view suggest cyclical performance ~

  25. Observed performance avoidance continues Hi Avoidance Escape Lo # of trials • But extinction does NOT occur ~

  26. Avoidance & Extinction • Avoidance behavior • Persists • Resistant to extinction • Explanation? • failure to avoid is punished • Cognitive Theory • (Annau & Kamin, 1961) • Conservation of Anxiety Theory • (Solomon & Wynne, 1954) ~

  27. Expectancy Theory • Cognitive theory • Early trials consistent w/ 2 process • tone  Fear  avoidance • More experience  expectancy • expectancy = no shock • Avoidance (B)  satisfying outcome • Avoidance response strengthened • Difficult to extinguish ~

  28. Conservation of Anxiety Theory • Fear of CS doesn’t fully extinguish • Immediate avoidance  short latency • Delayed avoidance • Exposed CS longer • No extinction for later portion CS • Strengthens fear of early CS • Behavior Therapy • Exposure to sequential CSs • Exposure therapy - fear hierarchy ~

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