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GIS Lecture 2 Map Design. Outline. Vector GIS Graphic Elements Colors Graphical Hierarchy Choropleth Maps Map Layers Scale Thresholds Hyperlinks. Vector GIS. Graphic Features on the World. Turned into a GIS Map. Vector GIS. Point. Points. Line. Lines. Polygon. Polygons. Points.
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Outline • Vector GIS • Graphic Elements • Colors • Graphical Hierarchy • Choropleth Maps • Map Layers • Scale Thresholds • Hyperlinks
Vector GIS Point Points Line Lines Polygon Polygons
Points Data Attached to Points
Points Same data displayed as two different points Burglaries Drug Calls
Queries and Restrictions • Restricts the features to a specific subset
Lines Highways, Major Roads Street Centerlines Curbs
Polygons Point Green Spaces Line Buildings Polygon Census Blocks
Jacques Bertin Visualization Information “What should be printed to facilitate “communication”, that is, to tell others what we know without a loss of information” -Jacques Bertin, Paris, February 1983
Value Hue More Value Size Bertin’s Graphic Variables Shape Texture Saturation
Value Hue Shape More Value Saturation Shape Symbols Size Texture
Shape (Point) Guidelines • Use simple shapes • Use point markers that have boundary lines and solid-color fill for important points
Value Hue More Value Saturation Size Size Shape Texture
Size • Make the differences in size as large as possible
Value Hue More Value Saturation Texture Shape Size Texture
Texture • Black and White Prints • Polygons • Large Areas
Value Hue More Value Saturation Value Shape Size Texture
Value • Increase/Decrease Contrast • The greater the difference in value between an object and its background, the greater the contrast.
Value • By creating a pattern of dark to light values, even when the objects are equal in shape and size, it leads the eye in the direction of dark to light
Value Hue Orientation Shape Texture More Value Saturation Size Value
Value Hue Orientation Shape Texture More Value Saturation Size Hue
Color Hues Each of individual color is a hue Colors have meaning (i.e. cool colors, warm colors, political meanings) -Cool colors calming -Warm colors exciting -Cool colors appear smaller than warm colors and they visually recede on the page so red can visually overpower and stand out over blue even if used in equal amounts. www.colormatters.com www.colorbrewer.org
red orange violet yellow blue green Color Wheel
Color Wheel • Harmony • two adjacent hues red orange violet yellow blue green
Color Wheel • Harmony • two adjacent hues red orange violet yellow blue green
Color Wheel • Harmony • two adjacent hues red orange violet yellow blue green
Color Wheel • Harmony • two adjacent hues • Contrast • two hues with one hue skipped in between red orange violet yellow blue green
Color Wheel • Harmony • two adjacent hues • Contrast • two hues with one hue skipped in between red orange violet yellow blue green
Color Wheel • Harmony • two adjacent hues • Contrast • two hues with one hue skipped in between red orange violet yellow blue green
Color Wheel • Harmony • two adjacent hues • Contrast • two hues with one hue skipped in between red orange violet yellow blue green
Orientation Shape Texture Size Saturation Value Hue More Value Saturation
Saturation • Customize the Properties…of a layer
Double-Ended Scales • Extremes Emphasized • Example: gains or loss over time • purple and orange contrast • white center is ground purple white orange
Color Spot White background allows yellow color spot to be visualized
Graphical Hierarchy • Goal • direct attention toward or away from available Information
Graphical Hierarchy • Goal • direct attention toward or away from available Information • Figure-Ground • visual separation of a scene into recognizable figuresand inconspicuous background (ground)
Graphical Hierarchy • Ground • larger of two contrasting areas