Györgyi Bela; Institute of Environmental Management, St. István University, Gödöllő, Hungary

1. Conserving Crop Genetic Resources on Smallholder Farms in Hungary: Institutional Analysis Györgyi Bela; Institute of Environmental Management, St. István University, Gödöllő, Hungary György Pataki; Institute of Environmental Management, St. István University, Gödöllő, Hungary Melinda Smale; InternationalFood Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, D.C., USA and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Rome, Italy Mariann Hajdú;Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Law, Budapest, Hungary

2. Partners Institute for Agrobotany, Hungary

3. Research activities Ecological analysis of sample regions Chemical analysis of landraces’ seed grains Agro-morphological analysis of seed samples Genetic analysis of locally adopted landraces Product quality analysis of landraces Economic and institutional analysis of conserving crop genetic resources on farm

4. Economic and institutional analysis of conserving crop genetic resources on farm Farm Household Model Discursive Attribute Analysis Institutional and Legal Analysis

5. Institutional and Legal Analysis • The goals of Institutional Analysis: • Identifying the institutions and organisations that have significant impact on the seed choice of farmers; • Analysing the present situation of conservation in a systematic way; • Identifying the actors with whom policy makers are able to work on conservation; • Identifying and analysing different stakeholders’ perception / interests / values of the landraces and the conservation of plant genetic resources. text analysis: Organizational policies,national policies, texts of laws and rules,written rules, founding documents, norms, web page contents in depthinterviews: face-to-face semi-structured and narrative interviews

6. LOCAL-INFORMAL SEED SYSTEM Small-scale Farmers’ Breeding: Variety choice;Seed selection; Seed management; Genebase storage Small-Scale Crop Production Local seed „imports”: exchanges with other farmers Professional Breeding Consumption Large Scale Crop Production Variety certification Distribution Seed production Seed export Quality controll Seed import FORMAL SEED SYSTEM Formal and local-informal seed system

7. LOCAL-INFORMAL SEED SYSTEM Small-scale Farmers’ Breeding: Variety choice;Seed selection; Seed management; Genebase storage Small-Scale Crop Production Local seed „imports”: exchanges with other farmers Professional Breeding Consumption Large Scale Crop Production Variety certification Distribution Seed production Seed export Quality controll Seed import FORMAL SEED SYSTEM Institutions of Formal and Local-informal Seed System National /Foreign genebanks National breeders’ collections National and International research centres collections Foreign commercial breeders’ collections Farmer stocks and collections; Local communities; Families – households Individual Farmers; Farmers’ cooperatives NGOs Commercial breeders Research institutions Trade Associations of Breeders Local market; Farmers (small scale, organic); Local communities; Institutes for Agricultural Quality Control Households; Consumer Protection Office NGOs Farmers, Private companies Institutes for Agricultural Quality Control Patent Office Ministries of Agriculture Private Seed Traders Companies dealing with seed production Individual farmers (large-scale and organic) Stock exchange, Ministry of Agriculture Seed Traders Institutes for Agricultural Quality Control

8. Regulatory Authority (RA) Education and Research Institutions (ERI) NGOs (NGO) Formal and local- informal seedsystem Market Support Services (MSS) Trade Associations of Private Companies and Enterprises (TA) Private Companies (CO) Farmers (F) Stakeholder map of the seed system Legislative Institutions (LI) • Roughly the same number of actors in each stakeholder group, except in case farmers’ interviews (sum 22); • Farmers’ interviews are more numerous (15 small-scale and 5 large scale farmers); • Person, who might be consider as a decision-maker; Interviews:

9. Findings I. • Several local varieties of wheat, rye, fruits and grapes are present, and Hungary is rich in landraces of domesticated animals; • Formal and local-informal seed system are artificially separated; • Functioning of local-informal seed system is de-legitimized; • Economic transformation, structure and cultural change have affected seed system; • Fierce competition on the seed market had adverse impact on the local-informal seed system; • All farmers have access to registered seeds, traders are well developed; • Access to local seeds are difficult and realized through personal contacts;

10. Findings II. • Small scale farmers producing to meet the needs of their families have played an important historical role in the conservation of plant genetic resources; • Investment in breeding for the specific conditions of a certain production niche in uneconomic; • The seed industry is vertically integrated and concentrated, with a few multinational companies sharing total sales; • The number of non-governmental organizations dealing with the issue of agro-biodiversity conservation is limited. • There are programs (NAEP, NBP, BBT) established by government which might be a host programs of agricultural biodiversity conservation activity.

11. Future Work • The interviews with market participants remain to be completed; • Assessment and comparison of the stakeholders’ values an perceptions through analysis of interview text are in progress; • Local organised actors with whom we can cooperate in the future need to be found;

12. Thank you • E-mailaddress: belagy@nt.ktg.gau.hu