SENTENCE STRUCTURE @ HCCY

1. SENTENCE STRUCTURE @ HCCY A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARY Created by Pamela Cohen

2. Sentence Structure @ HCCY • In this presentation you will: • Develop your understanding and build a glossary of definitions relating to the vocabulary of sentence structure • Develop your understanding of the different types of sentences • Develop your understanding of the components of a sentence • Develop your skills in using the correct punctuation for a range of sentence types • Develop your skills in writing a range of sentence types

3. SENTENCE STRUCTURE Definition: • SENTENCE: A series of words correctly formed to express a complete statement or idea. • A sentence always begins with a capital letter and ends with a specific mark of punctuation- a full stop, a question mark or an exclamation mark depending on the sentence type you are writing. • Checklist: • A sentence should make sense • A sentence should contain a complete thought or idea • A sentence should start with a capital letter • A sentence should end with one of three types of punctuation

4. Sentence Structure @ HCCY FOUR SENTENCE TYPES • DECLARATIVE • INTERROGATIVE • IMPERATIVE • EXCLAMATORY Pre test: WRITE DOWN WHAT YOU THINK THESE TYPES OF SENTENCES ARE AND DO IN A TEXT.

5. Sentence Structure DECLARATIVE SENTENCE • Purpose: to express a statement – to declare something – no doubt - factual • Punctuation: begins with a CAPITAL LETTER and ends with a full stop Example: Hennessy Catholic College is situated in the rural NSW town of Young. • Write two examples of declarative sentences in your work book. • Checklist: • Check the punctuation – focus on capital letters and full stops • Check that both of your sentences express a complete thought or idea • Evaluate whether your sentence is expressing a statement? • Read out aloud to a peer to check for grammatical errors.

6. SENTENCE STRUCTURE INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES Purpose: to ask questions, either direct or indirect in sentence form Punctuation: question mark for direct questions; full stop for indirect questions Example: Direct question: Do you attend Hennessy Catholic College? Indirect question: He asked whether I attended Hennessy Catholic College. Write two examples of interrogative sentences in your work book. Checklist: Check the punctuation – focus on capital letters, question marks or full stops for endings. Check that both of your sentences express a complete thought or idea \Evaluate whether your sentence is expressing a question? Read out aloud to a peer to check for grammatical errors.

7. SENTENCE STRUCTURE IMPERATIVE SENTENCES Purpose: to give commands and requests Punctuation: begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop Example: Command: You will attend school from the hours of 8:45am to 3:10pm Request: Please wear your school uniform correctly. Write two examples of imperative sentences in your work book. Checklist: Check the punctuation – focus on capital letters and full stops Check that both of your sentences express a complete thought or idea Evaluate whether your sentence creates an imperative? Read out aloud to a peer to check for grammatical errors.

8. SENTENCE STRUCTURE EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES Purpose: to express emotions Punctuation: capital letters, end with an exclamation point Example: You must satisfy the requirements to pass your course! Write two examples of exclamatory sentences in your work book. Checklist: Check the punctuation – focus on capital letters and exclamation marks Check that both of your sentences express a complete thought or idea Evaluate whether your sentence is expressing emotion? Read out aloud to a peer to check for grammatical errors.

9. Sentence Structure • Revision: What are the four types of sentences? What is the purpose of each sentence type? What are the different types of punctuation used for each sentence type?

10. Sentence Structure Components of a sentence Sentences consist of TWO parts: Subject and Predicate

11. Sentence Structure Subject The subject is usually a NOUN or a PRONOUN. The subject indicates WHO is speaking, WHO is spoken to and WHO or WHAT is being spoken about. There are three types of subject forms in sentences: • Simple • Compound • Complete

12. Sentence Structure Simple subjects • The simple subject is the main word of the subject. Examples: • Students are the priority at Hennessy Catholic College. • We are fortunate to attend a school that cares about our future. • Outstanding education is available at Hennessy Catholic College. • Write two sentences that contain simple subjects. Share with your writing partner and check you have used punctuation correctly.

13. Sentence Structure Compound Subjects The compound subject consists of two or more words to form the subject. Examples: Hennessy Catholic College is the full title of our school. Commitmentand diligent studylead to strong results. The Sydney Harbour Bridge and the SydneyOpera House are tourist destinations I saw on my holidays. Write two sentences that contain compound subjects. Ensure you use the appropriate punctuation for your sentence type.

14. Sentence Structure Complete Subject The complete subject includes the simple subject or compound subject plus any modifiers ( adjectives, articles etc.) Examples: Most students comment favourably about their experience at Hennessy. School sports are held on specific days throughout the cycle. Optimum grades and overall success are gained through study.

15. Sentence Structure Predicate The predicate is a single verb or verb phrase that begins immediately after the subject. Predicate types: • Simple • Compound • Complete

16. Sentence Structure Simple Predicate Examples: Sally speaks softly. I loveschool! Our school is the best school in the region. We have advertised our success in the local press. • Write three declarative sentences which contain a simple predicate. • Check you have written the sentences correctly using appropriate punctuation.

17. Sentence Structure Compound Predicate The compound predicate consists of two or more verbs. Examples: I researched my history topic and designed a model to present my findings. Our principal and the teachersanalysedour results and recommended we work further on grammar and punctuation. Our students have visited St Josephs and begun their community service.

18. Sentence Structure Complete Predicate The complete predicate consists of the simple or compound predicate plus all modifiers that limit or describe the verbs (prepositions or adverbs). Examples: This survey asks for your opinions about the school canteen. Our school has an extensive sports program. The school website provides details on current and upcoming events

19. Sentence Structure Subject and Predicate Exercises: Write two declarative sentences that contain a simple subject and a simple predicate. Write two interrogative sentences that contain a compound subject and a compound predicate. Write two imperative sentences that contain a complete subject and a complete predicate. Write two exclamatory sentences that use simple or compound subjects and simple or compound predicates.

20. Sentence Structure Object Definition: the object is the noun, pronoun or noun phrase affected by the action of the verb in the sentence. Purpose: to complete the verb suggesting whom or what is affected by the action Two types of objects: • Direct • Indirect

21. Sentence Structure Direct Object Can be a noun or pronoun Completes the verb by answering the question whom? or what? after the verb. Examples: The teacher plans lessons for our class. Hennessy Catholic College expects commitment. My teacher rewarded me.

22. Sentence Structure Indirect Object • Can be a noun or a pronoun • Answers the questions to whom? or for whom? • Usually precedes the direct object • Usually follows verb forms such as give, offer, wish, make, refuse, present, send etc.

23. Sentence Structure Examples of Indirect Objects Hennessy Catholic College offers me a comprehensive education. My parents refused to let me go to the school disco. Our school gives a guarantee that teachers are 100% committed to providing the best education possible.

24. Sentence Structure Exercises: • Write a declarative sentence that uses a direct object. • Write an imperative sentence that uses an indirect object. • Locate three examples of direct objects in the reading provided. • Locate three examples of indirect objects in the reading provided. • Write out your sentences and annotate for the the subject and it type, locate the predicate and its type and the direct and indirect objects.

25. Sentence Structure Sentence Order ( Normal) In normal sentence order the reader expects the subject to appear first and be followed by the predicate. Examples: The teacher responded. The school has new enrolments. I received my report yesterday.

26. Sentence Structure Sentence Order ( Inverted) Inverted order is when the predicate or part of the predicate comes before the subject. Examples: There are many compliments made about our school. Should we offer free lunches to attract more students? How much will a new hall cost for our school? Locate examples of two normal order and two inverted order sentences from your novel. Write them out and annotate for all sentence components.

27. Sentence Structure Phrase Definition: A phrase is a sequence of words which has neither a subject or a predicate. There are two types of phrases: • Prepositional phrases • Infinitive phrases

28. Sentence Structure Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases begin with a preposition such as of, in, at and for and ends with a noun or pronoun. A prepositional phrase does not include a verb. Examples: In our school grounds… At our school …. Above our school…

29. Sentence Structure Infinitive phrases Always begin with to and include a verb form. Examples: • to provide insight into text • to infer meaning • to challenge new ideas • to develop understanding Exercise: Locate sentences that contain examples of prepositional and infinitive phrases in your novel and write two examples of each in your book. Annotate all the components of the sentence.

30. Sentence Structure Clauses Definition: A clause is a sequence of words with both a subject and a predicate. There are two types of clauses: • Independent • Dependent

31. Sentence Structure Independent Clauses • An independent clause is a complete sentence and can stand on its own. • Begins with a capital letter and ends with the appropriate punctuation – full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. Example: We send a confirmation of enrolment for each student. Exercise: Locate two examples of independent clauses from your novel and write them out in your book annotating all sentence components.

32. Sentence Structure Dependent Clauses A dependent clause is not a complete sentence and cannot stand alone. It must be joined to an independent clause to make sense. Examples: When you call our school… If you call my parents….

33. Sentence Structure Use of punctuation in clauses When a dependent clause introduces an independent clause, place a comma at the end of the dependent clause. Examples: If the school succeeds as a whole, we all succeed in our goals. Because we have the best opportunities at Hennessy, we are able to dream our dream. Exercises: Write the two sentences out and annotate all the sentence components.

34. Sentence Structure Sentence Formations There are four key sentence formations: • Simple sentences • Compound sentences • Complex sentences • Compound-complex sentences

35. Sentence Structure Simple Sentences Definition: A simple sentence is one independent clause in a subject – ver pattern. Examples: We cancelled our bulk order for pencils last week. The teacher and I worked on my writing skills. Our students love coming to school. The principal and my parents have agreed that I should always wear my hair up.

36. Sentence Structure Compound Sentences Definition: A compound sentence is two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction. Examples: Many of our students are diligent and they work to gain the best possible results from their studies. Limited quantities of the novel were available, but we can order more next week.

37. Sentence Structure Complex Sentences Definition: A complex sentence consists of an independent and a dependent clause. Examples: When a student is listed as absent, we ring home to determine when they will return to school. If your work is submitted on the due date, you will have the opportunity to gain full marks.

38. Sentence Structure Compound-Complex sentences Definition: A compound complex sentences consists of more than one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Example: If you have your work ready, I will collect it at the end of the lesson and you will receive a sticker. Exercise: write a compound complex sentence. Annotate the dependent and independent clauses. Make sure you use punctuation appropriately.

39. Sentence Structure Sentence Fragments Definition: A sentence fragment consists of words, phrases, or dependent clauses that cannot stand alone and may contain subjects and predicates. They do not usually make any sense! Example: The students workbooks wrote out lines homework is ready

40. Sentence Structure Run-on sentences A run on sentence is a complete sentence with full stop and comma faults. Examples: I want to read novels online reading bores me. Your student number is provided with your enrolment documentation you can also find the number by writing to the Board of Studies and then clicking on their website information page.

41. Sentence Structure • Revision: • Test your partner on all the components of sentence construction. • Locate a range of sentence types in your novel. Write them out and annotate them to remind yourself of all the components that contribute to writing excellent sentences.