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Molecular Genetics

An awesome interactive review on the molecular genetics of DNA, covering its structure, composition, replication, and more. Check it out at http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/.

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Molecular Genetics

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  1. Molecular Genetics

  2. DNA Review! • Has shape of helix or corkscrew • Is about 2 nm in diameter • 2m of it in a nucleus!! • Makes a complete helical turn ever 3.4 nm • An awesome interactive review... http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/

  3. Three main components • deoxyribose sugar • a phosphate group • nitrogenous base • adenine • guanine • thymine • cytosine

  4. Turn up the Base(s)!

  5. DNA is composed of many nucleotides held together by phosphodiester bonds (therefore it is a polymer) • Sugar – Phosphate – Sugar - Phosphate

  6. Structure of deoxyribose

  7. The Double Helix • DNA consists of two antiparallel strands of nucleotides • Bases of one strand are paired with bases in the other strand • Nitrogenous base pairs are arranged above each other, perpendicular to the axis of the molecule • A Purine always bonded to a pyrimidine • Adenine with Thymine • Guanine with Cytosine • Termed complimentary base pairing • Fundamental to the storage and transfer of genetic information

  8. Purines – A & G • Pyrimidines – T & C (also U in RNA) • bases are bonded together by hydrogen bonds • right-handed helix (clockwise turn) makes complete turn every 10 nucleotides

  9. Two strands of DNA run antiparallel • One strand runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction while the other strand runs in the 3’ to 5’. • The 3’ end terminates with the hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose sugar. • The 5’ end terminates with a phosphate group

  10. Finding the code... • 5’ - ATGCCGTTA - 3’ • 3’ - TACGGCAAT - 5’ • By convention, only the 5’ to 3’ strand is written since the complementary strand can easily be deduced ... • Try this one... • 5’ - TGGACGCTT - 3’ • 3’ - ACCTGCGAA - 5’

  11. Homework... • Page 216 # 1-3, 5, 6

  12. DNA Replication • During cell division in eukaryotic cells, replicated genetic material in nucleus divided equally between two daughter nuclei via mitosis • Followed by cytokinesis in which cell is split into two new cells • Mitotic cell division essential for growth of tissues during embryonic development and childhood, tissue regeneration, repair of damaged tissue, growth

  13. Hydrogen bonds between complimentary bases can break, allowing DNA helix to unzip • Each strand then acts as a template to build the complimentary strand • Results in two identical DNA molecules (one for each daughter cell)

  14. The Details... • DNA cannot be simply pulled apart due to hydrogen bonding • Two parent DNA strands must be unravelled and kept separate. • Specific enzymes work together to expose the DNA template strands. • DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs, resulting in “unwinding” • DNA Gyrase – enzyme relieves tension of unwinding helix. • Two individual strands are kept apart by single-stranded binding proteins (SSBs) • SSBs bind to exposed DNA single strands and block hydrogen bonding. (Prevent Annealing)

  15. Replication begins in two directions from origin(s) as a region of DNA is unwound • Complimentary strands are built as soon as an area of DNA has been unwound • As two strands of DNA are disrupted, junction where they are still joined is called replication fork • DNA replication proceeds toward direction of replication fork on one strand and away from the fork on the other strand • When two replication forks are quite near each other, a replication bubble forms

  16. Building the Complementary Strands • In prokaryotes • DNA polymerase I, II, III are the three enzymes known to function in replication and repair • In eukaryotes • Several different types of DNA polymerase are at work • enzyme that builds the complementary strand using the template strand as a guide in prokaryotes is DNA polymerase III

  17. DNA polymerase III adds complementary nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction, using RNA primers as starting points

  18. The Leading StrandDNA polymerase III... Functions only under certain conditions: • It synthesizes DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction, therefore adding free deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates to a 3’ end of an elongating strand • Requires an initial starting 3’ end to commence elongation • An RNA primer of 10 – 60 base pairs of DNA are annealed to the template strand since DNA polymerase III cannot initiate a new complementary strand by itself • Primer is synthesized by enzyme primase

  19. RNA primer marks initiation sequence • DNA polymerase III can start elongation by adding free deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates to the growing complementary strand • Free bases in nucleoplasm used by DNA polymerase III to build complementary strands • DNA polymerase III uses energy derived from breaking the bond between the first and second phosphate to drive dehydration synthesis (condensation rxn) that adds complementary nucleotide to elongating strand • Extra two phosphates recycled by cell

  20. *Since DNA always synthesized in 5’ to 3’ direction, and the templates strands run antiparallel, only one strand is able to be built continuously. *This is the strand which uses the 3’ to 5’ template strand and is called the leading strand and is build towards the replication fork.

  21. The Lagging Strand • The other strand is synthesized discontinually in short fragments and is called the lagging strand • Okazaki fragments are short fragments of DNA that are a result of the synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication (eukaryotes 100-200 nucleotides in length, 1000-2000 in prokaryotic) • DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments into one strand by the creation of a phosphodiester bond • The two double stranded DNA molecules are produced and twist into a helix automatically

  22. Ensuring Quality Control of New DNA Strands: DNA Repair • As complentary strands are built, DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I proofread newly synthesized strands • When mistakes occur, either enzyme can function as exonuclease which backtracks past the nucleotide on the end of the strand that is incorrectly paired to a nucleotide, excises it, and continues adding nucleotides to the complimentary strand

  23. Summary Page 222...

  24. Watch these! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teV62zrm2P0&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jtmOZaIvS0&feature=related

  25. Homework... • Page 223 #1,2

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