Chapter 8

1. Chapter 8 Canada Section 1: Regions of Canada Section 2: Search for a national identity Section 3: Canada Today

2. Learning Objectives What are the main economic activities in the Atlantic Provinces? Why have the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence provinces become Canada’s heartland? What economic activities and patterns of settlement are found in the Prairie Provinces and British Colombia? How have climate and location affected the development of the northern territories? Concepts Province Maritime Lock Bedrock Section 1: Regions of Canada

3. What are the main economic activities in the Atlantic Provinces? • Atlantic Provinces (maritime’s) made up of Newfoundland/Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick • Fishing • World richest areas for Cod, shrimp, and crab • Farming/Forestry • Fruit, vegetable, and dairy farming where supported • Prince Edward Island well suited for farming • Milder climates and Longer Growing seasons • Tourism • Rugged coastlines and scenic hills make tourism popular

4. Why have the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence provinces become Canada’s heartland? • Great Lakes – St. Lawrence provinces • Core of Canada’s Population and Economic Activity • 60% of population live in these regions • 3 Distinct Landscapes • Canadian Shield= rich mineral deposits • Hudson Bay lowlands= flat sparsely populated • St. Lawrence Lowlands= rich soil mild climate for farming • Ontario’s Importance • System of Waterways allows large volume of goods • Central location (nationally, economically, industrially) • Rich Soils and abundant mineral resources • Quebec’s Importance • SE and Canadian Shield are centers for mining/forestry • Unique Cultural importance; French-Canadian population

5. What economic activities and patterns of settlement are found in the Prairie Provinces and British Colombia? • Made up of Alberta, Manitoba, & Saskatchewan • “Prairie Provinces” b/c of rolling fields of wheat • Patterns of Settlement • ½ of Regions Pop. Live in Cities • Largest cities located @ strategic points along railroads. • Alberta and Saskatchewan major est.’d on major railroads/rivers • Main Idea: Settlement patterns in the “Prairie Provinces” are centered around rail-roads, which reflects the importance of agriculture to the region • Many retire in Vancouver b/c of desirable climate and beauty • Economic Activities • Farming • Provinces provide most of Canada’s Grain and Cattle • Wheat= major agricultural crop. • Tourism • Many magnificent parks b/c of Rocky Mtns. • Oil • Discovery of oil led to growth in wealth and cities like Edmonton and Calgary • British Columbia • Tourism= beautiful cities, memorable attractions • Natural Resources= Salmon, forests, minerals • Hosts Canada’s major port on Pacific Ocean, grown rapidly b/c of Trade w/ Asia

6. How have climate and location affected the development of the northern territories? • Northern territories made up of Yukon Territory, Northwest Territories, and the newer Nunavut. • 40% of Canada’s Land mass • Less than 1% of Canada’s Population • Harsh climates and Rugged lands • Difficult to reach rich mineral wealth of region • Includes gold, silver, and copper as 3 key minerals • Climate/Terrain make land difficult to mine and transport the region.

7. Learning Objectives What are the historical roots of Canada’s major culture groups? Why is Quebec the scene of conflict between two cultures? How does the multicultural nature of Canada’s population represent its policy of welcoming diversity while promoting unity? Concepts Separatism Secede Section 2: Search for a national identity

8. What are the historical roots of Canada’s major culture groups? • First Canadians • 1st to live in Canada were the Inuit and Native Americans who migrated • Later European powers of England and France • Colonial Rivals • France and England colonists began fierce competition • Over fur trade and the land • Four wars over regions b.t. two left England with sole control in 1763. • Canada became own governing country in 1867, but ties still remain to Britain Section 2

9. Why is Quebec the scene of conflict between two cultures? • France lost empire to Britain • 70,000+ French colonists still remained • Over ¼ of population is French-Canadian • Majority of French speaking Canadians live in Quebec • Laws to protect integrity of French-Canadians • Able to keep language, laws, and culture • Many French Canadians today feel discriminated against for their ancestry • Separatism • Quebecois (French speaking citizens) begin pressing for changes that would maintain the French Culture • Gov’t of Quebec made French official language • Led to english speaking people/businesses to leave area and hurt economy • Secede • 1995 referendum nearly passes that would have made Quebec own country

10. How does the multicultural nature of Canada’s population represent its policy of welcoming diversity while promoting unity? • Multicultural Society • Inuit's= 41,000 • Native Canadians = 554,000 • European descents make up roughly 87% • New Influx of immigrants from Asia • Uniting a region • Done through transportation and communication links • Attempts to continue communication with remote regions of country are helping their unity as a whole Section 2

11. Secede • To withdraw formally from membership in a political or religious organization Section 2

12. Separatism Movement to win political, religious, or ethnic independence from another group Section 2

13. Learning Objectives What geographic challenges does Canada face today with respect to its future development? What is Canada’s relationship with the U.S.? How is Canada linked to other countries in the rest of the world? Concepts Customs Tariff NAFTA Section 3: Canada Today

14. What geographic challenges does Canada face today with respect to its future development? • Natural Resources • Attempts to balance natural resource use and preservation of environment • Above ground pipeline minimizes permafrost destruction, but creates barriers to the migration of arctic animals • Ways to produce wood without destroying forests • Over-fishing has led to banning of fishing certain species • Urbanization • Mass movement to Cities; 20 with over 100,000 • Challenges created by Urbanization • Providing housing and services, controlling pollution, and preventing over-crowding Section 3

15. What is Canada’s relationship with the U.S.? • U.S./Canada has longest undefended border in the world. • Cultural Links • Exchange of radio and television programs near borders • Participation of teams in both nations in pro leagues • Economic Links • Canada’s imports = nearly 25% of U.S. exports • U.S. imports= nearly 85% of Canada’s Exports • NAFTA links both nations through trade Section 3

16. How is Canada linked to other countries in the rest of the world? • Location • Atlantic and Pacific ports give it access to trade with both Europe and Asia • Membership in the Commonwealth of Nations • Gives it links with developing countries and a favorable trading position with members of the European Community • Peacemaker • Very active Foreign policy based on removing the causes of war, not power, for peace • Active in promoting arms control and disarmament Section 3

17. Customs • Fees charged by one country’s government on goods people bring in from other countries Section 3

18. Tariffs • Taxes on imports. Cause price of imports goods to rise Section 3

19. NAFTA • Free Trade Agreement designed to establish a free trade zone across all of N. America Section 3

20. Province Chapter 8 Territory governed as a political division of a country

21. Lock Chapter 8 Enclosed section of a canal, in which a ship may be raised/lowered by raising/lowering level of water in that section

22. Maritime Chapter 8 Bordering on or near the sea; relating to navigation or shipping

23. Bedrock Chapter 8 Solid rock underlying the earth’s surface