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CARBON RULES OK

CARBON RULES OK. Organic Chemistry. SCH3U/4U/4C Mr. Bauernschmitt General Panet HS. Why Carbon ?. Group IV 4 stable covalent bonds Readily forms long chain structures such as those in fats and oil. make ethane. Alkanes from Petroleum.

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CARBON RULES OK

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  1. CARBON RULES OK Organic Chemistry SCH3U/4U/4C Mr. Bauernschmitt General Panet HS

  2. Why Carbon ? • Group IV • 4 stable covalent bonds • Readily forms long chain structures such as those in fats and oil. make ethane

  3. Alkanes from Petroleum methaneethane propane butane pentane hexane octane decane Used as fuels. Long chains have higher boiling points, short chains are only gases at room temperature. “Saturated” make butane (rotating bonds)

  4. Structures and Formulae • Chemical (Molecular) formula • Structural formulae • Abbreviated structural formula • Structural Isomers, e.g. C6H14

  5. Functional Groups • Hydrocarbons are fairly dull, they burn and that’s about it…. • Make them more interesting by altering the electronic structure and content • Use double bonds or add atoms such as O, N or Cl Examples… C=C double bonds Alcohols Carboxylic Acids Esters Amines Amides Haloalkanes

  6. Functional Groups In the models we are using we have some standard atom colours to help us identify them…

  7. C=C bonds in Alkenes Double bonds are not free to rotate. But they are reactive Chemical feedstock Cracking! page 187 make one Added value……. ETHENE

  8. Addition Reactions Double bonds are very reactive. Hydrogen (H2) can be added in. Other things such as Bromine (Br2) can also be added.

  9. Alcohols Add water – get an alcohol ETHANOL CH3CH2OH • ETHANE 1,2 DIOL • HOCH2CH2OH • New naming system is descriptive • ? Other names? Functions?

  10. Carboxylic Acids By further oxidising alcohols we can make organic acids . ethanoic acid CH3COOH old name for ethanoic acid? What about methanoic acid?

  11. Condensation reactions • Lets do it • Make a model of ethanol and a model of ethanoic acid THE reaction for producing the biopolymers we eat and are made of!

  12. Esters Ethyl ethanoate CH3COOCH2CH3 What is this ester used for? Esters are ‘linking’ groups. Small esters all have interesting smells. ..........Just add water

  13. Just add water Hydrolysis the reverse of condensation The basis of digestion

  14. Amines dimethylamine, CH3NHCH3 Amines contain nitrogen atoms. They are derived from ammonia, NH3. Another important condensation reaction: Like alcohols, amine groups will react with ethanoic acid, to produce......

  15. Amides Amides are ‘linking’ groups. They exist in lots of forms and have lots of uses. Proteins are made from these amide linkages. More of this later.. N-ethylethanamide CH3CONHCH2CH3

  16. Functional Groups Examples… C=C double bonds Alcohols Carboxylic Acids Esters Amines Amides Haloalkanes

  17. Getting familiar Turn over your notes – how many functional groups can you remember between you? Names only required!

  18. Addition Polymers Adding many ethene molecules together makes a polymer… The real plastics have very long carbon chains >500 ethene units per molecule monomer repeating unit

  19. Polyesters and Polyamides Using ‘double ended’ molecules of acids with either alcohols or amines we can make condensation polymers. Polyesters – use ‘ioic acids’ HOOC-CH2-COOH + HO-CH2-CH2-OH H2O is released in this↓ condensation reaction. HOOC-CH2-COO-CH2-CH2-OH + HOH Thefree COOH and OH groups can further react to make long chains

  20. H C C N H H Amino acids The biological answer to condensation polymers. R O OH OH CH3 CH2 CH2 O O O H H H C C C C C C N N N H H H OH OH OH H H H Alanine Phenylalanine Serine Write down the condensation reaction* between alanine and serine, build the model as well. Why are amino acids so efficient at polymerization ?

  21. Proteins • Proteins are made from long chains of amino acids joined via peptide bonds. (polypeptides) The 3D shape of proteins is vital to ensure that they function correctly in cells.

  22. Intermolecular forces hydrogen “bonds” van der Walls forces ionic interactions hydrophobic interaction

  23. cis and trans • cis double bonds have the two hydrogen atoms on the same side • trans double bonds have the two hydrogen atoms on opposite sides

  24. Draw me: a fatty acid that contains 12 carbon atoms. Counting the carbon of the carboxylic acid group as carbon 1, there is a cis carbon-carbon double bond between carbons 5 and 6 of the chain. You should assume that, unless otherwise stated, all the carbon atoms are attached to other carbon atoms by single covalent bonds and there are sufficient hydrogen atoms to satisfy the valency of each carbon atom.

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