Pre-Class: Reading from the Qur’an (handout)

1. Pre-Class: Reading from the Qur’an (handout) Place a checkmark (5 total) next to each conclusion you can make about Islam based on the excerpts AND underline the evidence for each conclusion checked.

2. Understanding Islam Why should we study the religion of Islam? There are over 1 billion Muslims in the world.

3. Islam Identifications • Muslim: person who follows Islam • Ka’aba: Islam’s holiest shrine – located in Mecca – Arabic for cube • Qu’ran: secret text, holy book of Islam • Mecca: birth place of Islam, holiest city, Saudi Arabia • Mosque: Muslim house of worship • Allah: Arabic for God same as J and C • Medina: first Islamic community, 2nd Holy city, Muhammad gains political and religious power – City of the Prophet • Hejira: 622 – Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina; marks first expansion of Islam • Jerusalem: 3rd Holiest city to Islam – Dome of the Rock

4. Five Pillars of Islam • Islam means: (#2) • to submit/submission • Five Pillars of Islam: (#3) • Declaration of Faith (Shahada) • Prayers (Salah) • Charity (Sawm) • Fasting (Zakat) • Pilgrimage (Hajj)

5. The Rise and Spread of Islam

6. Arabia in the 7th Century

8. Arabian People • Nomads/Bedouins • Farmers • Traders • Tribes

9. Paganism • Worshipped many gods • Chief god was “Allah” meaning simply “the God.” Al-Uzza

10. Mecca

11. Arabia These Arab people were pagans, meaning they worshipped many gods. The center of Arabic pagan worship was in a town called Mecca. Pilgrims would travel to Mecca to worship the Kaaba The Kaaba: sacred shine that housed images of all the Arab gods. Also contained a black stone-probably a meteorite, which the Arabs thought was sent from heaven

12. Trade Routes

13. Muhammad (#4) • Born CE 570 • From Quraysh tribe • Marries Khadija • Merchant/trader • Meditated in desert • Daughter Fatima married to cousin Ali • Video 3:29

14. Muhammad: Founder of Islam • Muhammad was born in Mecca about 570. • His parents died when he was very young, but he was sent to live with his uncle, who was a Bedouin tribesman, even before they died. • Muhammad became a merchant. • When he was 25, he met a wealthy widow named Khadija, and married her.

15. Muhammad (#5) • Final Prophet/Founder of Islam • Means to surrender/submit (#2) • Messages from God compiled in the Qur’an • Spread the message of one God

16. The Quran • Muhammad memorized, word for word, everything the Angel Gabriel spoke to him. It was eventually written down by scribes. • These writings are known as the Quran. • Quran means “recitation.” • it is the holy book for Muslims, containing guidance in all matters

17. The Quran (Koran) • The Quran provides guidance on every aspect of human life: from history and economics to morality, criminal and civil law, gender issues, social values, Judaism and Christianity, past prophets, and even science* • Any translation of the Quran from Arabic into a different language means that it is not entirely accurate

18. Similarities with Christianity and Judaism Universality of Humankind • Along with Judaism and Christianity, Islam emphasizes the dignity and equality of humankind: “No Arab has any superiority over a non-Arab…Nor does a white man have any superiority over a black man, or the black man any superiority over the white man. You are all the children of Adam, and Adam was created from clay.”

19. Similarities with Christianity and Judaism Belief in an Afterlife • Along with Jews and Christians, Muslims believe that we will be held accountable for our actions in the next life: “We shall set up scales of justice for the day of Judgment, so that not a soul will be dealt with unjustly in the least.”

20. The Hejira • Muhammad began to speak about this new religion to the Arab tribes people around Mecca. • Some began to follow him. Others did not like his message, and plotted to kill both him and his followers. • In 622, Muhammad and his followers fled from Mecca to Yathrib, a town to the north. • This journey was known as the hejira. • Yathrib was later renamed Medina, which means “City of the Prophet.”

21. Medina and Hejira 622 Marks the beginning of expansion of Islam (#10)

22. Sacredness of Jerusalem • “Night Journey” from the nearest mosque to the farthest (“al-Aqsa”) mosque - 619 AD in Jerusalem • Is believed to be when Muhammad “flew” to Jerusalem and met with the old Prophets: Abraham and Moses The Night Journey

24. People of the Book (# 6) • Muhammad’s Term for Jews and Christians • Cause followed Gods teachings • Old and New Testament were God’s words but had been corrupted over time • Christianity and Judaism influenced Islam

25. Return to Mecca – 628AD Mecca

26. Kaaba • Housed 360 idols • Muhammad Smashed idols and dedicated to God (360) (#5) • Pilgrimages during holy month Dhul-Hijjah Ka’bah

27. Al-Masjid al-Haram in Mecca .

28. What do you think? What are some of the implications that flowed from Muhammad’s smashing the idols at the Ka’bah?

29. “Farewell Speech” • Tribes throughout Arabia acknowledged Muhammad’s authority and converted to Islam • Muhammad delivered farewell speech in 632 • Muhammad died without designating a successor Mosque of the Prophet, Medina

30. Spread of Muslim Rule

31. Spread of Muslim Rule

32. Spread of Muslim Rule

33. Spread of Muslim Rule

34. Spread of Muslim Rule

35. Spread of Muslim Rule

36. Two Main Branches of Islam Battle of Karbala: 661 A.D. 11

37. Schism • Disagreement over style and qualifications • Bloody massacre • (#11) Split into Sunni and Shi’a during Umayyad Dynasty – Mid 600’s • over the choosing of caliph – successor to Muhammad as leader of Islamic community (#11) • (#12) Sunni – 80% caliph based on merit – anyone • Shi'ite/Shi’a – caliph descendent of Muhammad Shrine at Karbala

39. Concept of Jihad • According the the Quran: ”You may fight “in the cause of God” against those who attack you, but do not aggress. God does not love the aggressors.” 2:190 • This directive has often been misinterpreted as sanctioning “Holy War.”

40. 7. Hadith, Quran, and Sunnah make up the Sharia Sharia – sacred law of Islam Hadith: accounts and sayings of Muhammad Sunnah: custom; the way of life of Muhammad 8. oneness of God and Muhammad Final Prophet 9. Birth, Marriage, Death 10. Hejira (622), Muslim Army united by Jihad (to struggle to be the best Muslim/Holy War) and promise of riches, resentment of foreign rule, Conversion (equality of believers), tolerance

41. 11. Umayyad, choosing a caliph 12. Shi’a (Shiite) and Sunni 13. Halal In Arabic, the word halal means permitted or lawful. Halal foods are foods that are allowed under Islamic dietary guidelines No pork or alcohol

42. Five Pillars of Islam • Declaration of Faith (Shahada) • Prayers (Salah) • Charity (Sawm) • Fasting (Zakat) • Pilgrimage (Hajj) Video 2:00

44. Ramadan (#14) 9th month of the Islamic/lunar calendar Month that Qur'an to Muhammad Fasting from sunup to sundown Focus on relationship with God/spiritually Night of Power: last days of the month it is believed that Muhammad first received the Qur'an. Eid ul-Fitr: holiday that marks the end of Ramadan and fasting

45. Monotheism Prophethood Old Testament Golden Rule 10 Commandments Jerusalem Holy Judgment Day Heaven Prayer Fasting Charity Coming of Age Pilgrimage Dietary Laws Islam, Christianity, and Judaism Similarities

46. Early Islamic Empires

47. The Spread of Islam • Within 120 years of the Prophet Muhammad’s death, the religion of Islam had spread from the Arabian Peninsula to include the following areas: • http://www.explorethemed.com/RiseIslam.asp

48. Early Caliphates Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 A.D.) Emphasis on Arab Culture & Language Capital: Damascus, Syria Sunni Muslim

49. Umayyads (661–750)

50. Umayyad Culture Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem Al-Aqsa (“furthest”) mosque, built CE 715