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The NERVOUS SYSTEM

The NERVOUS SYSTEM. Central & Peripheral Nervous System.

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The NERVOUS SYSTEM

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  1. TheNERVOUS SYSTEM Central & Peripheral Nervous System

  2. You at a friend’s backyard party when her uncle starts to stumble, and complain of dizziness and tiredness. He is also having difficulty breathing. He mentions that he was spraying for insects in the front yard and may have breathed in too much spray. He sits and relaxes, but does not feel any better after 15 min. His blue complexion provides a good signal that you should take him to the hospital. On the way to the hospital, his muscles go from tense to limp. The emergency-room physician finds out that your friend’s uncle had a busy day before the party. CSI #8 – Function of the Nervous System

  3. He was involved in cleaning algae out of the large pond behind the house before spraying the yard. He ate some old beef stew that was in the refrigerator, but claims it didn’t look or smell bad. Your friend is concerned about her uncle and asks you to explain what the physicians are looking for as the cause to her uncle’s illness. You explain that the physicians must use a process of elimination to determine what caused her uncle’s problems.

  4. CSI #9 – Structure of the Nervous System You just heard that a former professional football player living in your neighborhood was taken to the police station after a disturbance at a local grocery store. You find out that he was wandering around the store aimlessly and making aggressive comments as if he were drunk. A friend then calls to tell you that the football player was admitted to the hospital because he started having seizures. Later in the week, some neighbors tell you that the football player was showing signs of weakness and often acted confused during conversation. There were also some concerns mentioned about his excessive alcohol consumption and weight gain. Your friend asks you what might be wrong with the 50 year old former athlete. Determine the possible nervous system problems causing the illness.

  5. FUNCTIONS of the NERVOUS SYSTEM

  6. 2 TYPES OF CELLS within the NERVOUS SYSTEM

  7. Nerve Structure (membrane that surrounds the entire nerve) Fascicle (bundle of axons) (bundle of peripheral axons) (membrane that surrounds each axon) (membrane that surrounds each fascicle)

  8. dendrites (transmit impulses TO the cell body) STRUCTURE of a NEURON cell body (contains nucleus) axon (transmit impulses AWAY from the cell body) direction of nerve impulse

  9. (space between schwann cells) (white fatty substance that protects the axon) (cells that produce myelin;

  10. (transmits impulses) (receives impulses) Axons in the brain/spinal cord lack a neurilemma so regeneration is much less than it is in the PNS. (space btwn neurons were impulses are transmitted)

  11. Conduction of Impulses • action potential: a nerve impulse at a given point on an axon (neuron) It takes 0.001 seconds to reset a neuron; can carry 1000 impulses/sec. http://www.mind.ilstu.edu/curriculum/neurons_intro/flash_chemical.php?modGUI=232&compGUI=1827&itemGUI=3159

  12. Action Potential Animation: http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/actionpotential.swf http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/actionp.html a. conduction along unmyelinated fibers b. conduction along myelinated fibers

  13. Myelin and Multiple Sclerosis • auto immune disorder that destroys myelin (demyelination) & leads to impaired nerve conduction  called multiple Sclerosis (MS) • most common in women btwn 20 – 40 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgySDmRRzxY

  14. Neuron Physiology • neurotransmitters  chemicals by which neurons communicate • can assist, stimulate, or inhibit communication • Acetylcholine, Dopamine, and Serotonin = play a role in motor function, sleep, mood, and pleasure • Endorphins and Enkephalins = inhibit conduction of pain impulses (natural pain killers) http://www.wnet.org/closetohome/animation/coca-anim-main.html

  15. Neurotransmitters: Have 2 different effects… 1) Excitatory: a stimulus that encourages an A.P. 2) Inhibitory: a stimulus that discourages an A.P. 4-stage process when communicating with neurotransmitters: • Synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters • (made in nerve cell body & stored in vesicles) • Neurotransmitter release • (influx of Ca during A.P. causes neurotransmitter release) • 3. Neurotransmitter binding to post-synaptic receptors • Inactivation of neurotransmitters • (cell inactivates neurotransmitters by degrading them in synapse • or re-uptake them for recycling.) http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih2/addiction/activities/lesson2_neurotransmission.htm

  16. presynaptic neuron Neurotransmitters: http://www.mind.ilstu.edu/curriculum/neurons_intro/flash_chemical.php?modGUI=232&compGUI=1827&itemGUI=3159 postsynaptic neuron

  17. Major Neurotransmitters in the Body

  18. Drugs Interfere with Neurotransmission http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tqwo9dmIXAQ

  19. Effects of Alcohol on the Brain http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=of0TiyXWhOk

  20. Spatial Summation • Are your fingers moving? • Are both your pant legs touching your knees? • Is your pinky toe touching the ground? • Are you wearing underwear? • Information is being sent to your brain ALL the time - but is shut off by inhibitory impulses. Clear your Minds

  21. Spatial Summnation works because you have both inhibitory and excitatory neurons working against each other Threshold Stimulus – the minimal stimulus required to evoke a response • All or None Response B - 50 imp C -10 imp D + 30 imp A +50 imp cell body A by itself = no transmission A+D = transmission A + B + D = no transmission Excitatory E + 30 imp Threshold = 80 impulses / sec • endorphins are released by neurons in brain to inhibit pain/fear; reason we can calm ourselves down? • learn something new – synapse forms • forget something – synapse disappears

  22. Concept Check #1 • How do the Central NS & Peripheral NS differ? 2. How do the sensory and motor neuron function in the NS differ? 3. We know that the blood brain barrier separates the blood and nervous tissue but why is this important?

  23. Concept Check #2 5. What is believed to be the cause of myelin destruction in the auto-immune disease multiple sclerosis? 6. How do pre & post synaptic neurons differ? 7. Explain the direction in which nerve impulses travel? (use the terms axon, dendrite, pre & post synaptic neurons) 8. What is a nerve? What are the 3 layers of a nerve and how do they differ?

  24. Concept Check #3 9. What are neurotransmitters and how do they function? 11. What is an action potential? Finish the diagram below. ++++ -+++  - - - - + - - -  12. Explain how your brain can receive tons of information but you only reacte or realize some of them? (be sure to use threshold stimulus and inhibitory impulses in your answer)

  25. The HUMAN BRAIN

  26. http://media.jeffersonhospital.org/videos/animation-meningitis?page=9&quicktabs_1=0http://media.jeffersonhospital.org/videos/animation-meningitis?page=9&quicktabs_1=0

  27. The Brainstem • controls your vitals (heartbeat, respiration, b.v. diameter) • consists of midbrain, pons and medulla

  28. Cerebellum • 2nd largest part of the human brain • responsible for smooth coordinated movements, equilibrium, normal posture

  29. The diencephalon (hypothalamus / thalamus) • Hypothalamus  controls all internal organs • Thalamus  regulates emotions heartbeat, temp., peristalsis, appetite, sexual arousal; vol. of urine &H2O

  30. The Cerebrum • largest and uppermost part of the brain • controls conscience thinking, memory, sensations, and emotions

  31. 4 Major Lobes of the Human Brain http://www.physpharm.fmd.uwo.ca/undergrad/sensesweb/L12Memory/L12Memory.swf

  32. Parts of the Cerebrum cerebral cortex: (surface of cerebrum) (ridges of cortex)) (grooves of cortex)

  33. lateral fissure: deepest groove of the brain that separates the brain into 2 hemispheres

  34. LEFT BRAIN FUNCTIONSuses logicdetail orientedfacts rulewords and languagepresent and pastmath and sciencecan comprehendknowingacknowledgesorder/pattern perceptionknows object namereality basedforms strategiespracticalsafe RIGHT BRAIN FUNCTIONSuses feeling"big picture" orientedimagination rulessymbols and imagespresent and futurephilosophy & religioncan "get it" (i.e. meaning)believesappreciatesspatial perceptionknows object functionfantasy basedpresents possibilitiesimpetuousrisk taking Left Brain vs. Right Brain http://viewzone2.com/bicamx.html

  35. Left vs. Right Hemisphere Damage (language processing) LEFT Hemisphere language processing speech production comprehension Right Hemisphere memory organization problem solving reasoning (analyzing spoken language; comprehension) Aphasia disorder – loss of ability to speak; caused by stroke / injury or tumor / infection http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/wacky/the-right-brain-vs-left-brain/story-e6frev20-1111114577583

  36. Split Brain Experiments Mr. Split Brainy http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/split-brain/splitBrain_main.swf 1. http://brain.web-us.com/brain/right_left_brain_characteristics.htm 2. http://brain.w-us.com/brain/braindominance.htm 3. http://www.angelfire.com/wi/2brains/test.html

  37. Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) • causes hemorrhage (rush of blood) or stroke (blood stops flowing through cerebral blood vessels) • victim can’t voluntarily move parts of the body on the side opposite to the side on which the accident occurred.

  38. 12 PAIRS of CRANIAL NERVES http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP11504

  39. Concept Check #4 13.What is the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord? What 3 layers make this covering up? 14. What is the brainstem responsible for and what are its 3 parts? 15. What is the 2nd largest part of the brain and what is it responsible for? 16. What is the largest part of the brain and what are each of its lobes responsible for?

  40. Concept Check #5 17.The ___________ separates the 2 hemispheres but they connect at the ___________________. 18. How do hemorrhages and strokes differ? 19. What do each of the following cranial nerves control: Optic? Olfactory? Glossopharyngeal? Vestibulocochlear??

  41. Nervous System CSI #8 Questions…. 1. Pesticides can affect the nervous system. A) Explain how. B) What symptoms did the uncle have that could indicate pesticides as the cause for his hospitalization). 2. Food-poisoning can affect the nervous system. A) Explain how. B) What symptoms did the uncle have that could indicate Botulism as the cause for his hospitalization). 3. Handling blue-algae can affect the nervous system. A) Explain how. B) What symptoms did the uncle have that could indicate blue-algae as the cause for his hospitalization).

  42. Nervous System CSI #9 Questions…. • List the problems this former football player was experiencing. • While he could be confused with having prion-related disorders or Alzheimer’s disease because of his symptoms, he is actually suffering from something else. What neurovascular condition is he suffering from? Explain what this condition is. 3. What causes this condition? And, what was the football player doing to aggravate his condition? 4. What can be done, if anything, to cure or reverse this condition?

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