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Mastering Arrays in C++: Fundamentals and Applications

Explore the power of arrays in C++ programming, from storing multiple values to processing array elements, with real-world examples and best practices. Understand array initialization, accessing elements, and using arrays as function arguments. Learn about multi-dimensional arrays and arrays of class objects for advanced programming scenarios. Follow step-by-step guides to effectively work with arrays in C++.

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Mastering Arrays in C++: Fundamentals and Applications

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  1. Chapter 8: Arrays Starting Out with C++ Early Objects Seventh Edition by Tony Gaddis, Judy Walters, and Godfrey Muganda

  2. Topics 8.1 Arrays Hold Multiple Values 8.2 Accessing Array Elements 8.3 Inputting and Displaying Array Contents 8.4 Array Initialization 8.5 Processing Array Contents 8.6 Using Parallel Arrays

  3. Topics (continued) 8.7 The typedef Statement 8.8 Arrays as Function Arguments 8.9 Two-Dimensional Arrays 8.10 Arrays with Three or More Dimensions 8.12 Arrays of Class Objects

  4. 8.1 Arrays Hold Multiple Values • Array: variable that can store multiple values of the same type • Values are stored in adjacent memory locations • Declared using [] operator const int CAP = 5; int test[CAP]; … or int test[5];

  5. Array Storage in Memory The definition int test[5]; allocates the following memory cells:

  6. Array Terminology In the definition int test[5]; • int is the data type of eacharray element • test is the name of the array • 5, in [5], is the capacity declarator, the maximum number of elements the array can hold. • The size of an array is the number of bytes allocated for it (number of elements) * (bytes needed for each element)

  7. Array Terminology Examples Examples: Assumes int uses 4 bytes and double uses 8 bytes const int CAP = 5, DSIZE = 10; int test[CAP];// holds 5 ints, array // occupies 20 bytes double vol[DSIZE];// holds 10 doubles // array is 80 bytes

  8. 0 1 2 3 4 subscripts 8.2 Accessing Array Elements Each array element is a variable whose “name” contains a subscript that uniquely identifies the element. Name of 3rd element array test is test[2], ”test-sub-two” Subscripts start at 0

  9. test 0 1 2 3 4 Accessing Array Elements Array elements are regular variables of the base data type. test[0] = 79; cout << test[0]; cin >> test[1]; test[4] = test[0] + test[1]; cout << test; // illegal due to ??

  10. 8.3 Inputting and Displaying Array Contents Arrays can be loaded and displayed – one element at a time. int test[5]; // 5-element array cout << "Enter first test score "; cin >> test[0]; for (k=0; k<5; k++) cout << test[k];

  11. Array Subscripts • Array subscript can be an integer constant, variable, or expression • Examples: Subscript is cin >> test[3]; int constant cout << test[i]; int variable cout << test[i+j]; int expression cin >> test[test[0]]; int expression

  12. Inputting and Displaying All Array Elements To access each element of an array • Use a (for) loop • The loop control variable sequence must be the array valid subscripts, e.g., 0,1,2,… • A different array element will be referenced each time through the loop for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) sum = sum + test[i];

  13. num 25 [0] [1] [2] WARNING!! No Bounds Checking • C++ does not check that an array subscript is in range • An invalid array subscript can cause program to overwrite other memory • Example: int i = 4; int num[3]; num[i] = 25; • C++ Segmentation error!!

  14. Off-By-One Errors Most often occur when a program accesses data one position beyond the start/end of an array, or misses the first/element of an array. Don’t confuse the ordinal number of an array element (first, second, third) with its subscript (0, 1, 2)

  15. 8.4 Array Initialization • Can be initialized during program execution with assignment statements test[0] = 79; test[1] = 82; // etc. • Can be initialized at array definition with an initialization list int test[5] = {79,82,91,77,84};

  16. Partial Array Initialization • If array is initialized at definition with fewer values than the size declarator of the array, remaining elements will be set to 0 or NULL int test[5] = {79, 82}; • Initial values used in order; cannot skip over elements to initialize noncontiguousrange

  17. Implicit Array Sizing • Can determine array size by the size of the initialization list short quizzes[]={12,17,15,11}; • Must use either array size declarator or initialization list when array is defined

  18. 8.5 Processing Array Contents • Array elements can be • treated as ordinary variables of the same type as the array • used in arithmetic operations, in relational expressions, etc. • Example: if (principalAmt[3] >= 10000) interest = principalAmt[3] * intRate1; else interest = principalAmt[3] * intRate2;

  19. Using Increment and Decrement Operators with Array Elements int test[15]; When using ++ and -- operators, don’t confuse the element with the subscript test[i]++; // increments test[i], but has // no effect on i. test[i++]; // increments i, but has // no effect on test array.

  20. Copying One Array to Another • Can not copy with an assignment statement: test2 = test; //won’t work • Instead, must use a loop to copy element by element: for (int k=0; k < CAP; k++) test2[k] = test[k];

  21. Are Two Arrays Equal? • Also, cannot compare in a single expression: if (test2 == test) • Use a while loop with a boolean flag: bool Equal = true; int k = 0; while (k< CAP && Equal) { if(test[k] != test2[k])Equal = false; k++; }

  22. Are Two Arrays Equal? Another Way? • Use a while loop with a boolean flag: bool Equal = true; int k = 0; while (k < CAP) { Equal = ( test[k] == test2[k]); k++; }

  23. Are Two Arrays Equal? And This? • Use a while loop with a boolean flag: bool Equal = true; int k = 0; while (k < CAP) { Equal = Equal && (test[k]==test2[k]); k++; }

  24. Are Two Arrays Equal? - Again • Use a for loop with a boolean flag: bool Equal = true; int k = 0; for (k=0; Equal && k<CAP; k++) { if(test[k] != test2[k]) Equal = false; }

  25. Sum, Average of Array Elements • Use a simple loop to add together array elements float average, sum = 0; for(int t=0; t<CAP; t++) sum += test[t]; • Once summed, average can be computed average = sum/CAP;

  26. Largest Array Element • Use a loop to examine each element and find the largest element (i.e., one with the largest value) int largest = test[0]; for (int t = 1; t < CAP; t++) { if (test[t] > largest) largest = test[t]; } cout << "Highest score is " << largest; • A similar algorithm exists to find smallest.

  27. Partially-Filled Arrays The exact amount of data may not be known when a program is written. Programmer estimates maximum amount of data (capacity), and sizes array accordingly. Programmer must track the number of array elements actually being used – to avoid exceeding array capacity (segmentation error)

  28. C-Strings and string Objects Can be processed using array name • Entire string at once, or • One element at a time by using a subscript string city; cout << "Enter city name: "; cin >> city;

  29. 8.6 Using Parallel Arrays • Parallel arrays: two or more arrays that contain related data • Subscript is used to relate corresponding data • elements at same subscript are related • The arrays may hold different data types

  30. name average grade 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 Parallel Array Example const int CAP = 5; string name[CAP]; // student name float average[CAP]; // course average char grade[CAP]; // course grade

  31. Parallel Array Processing const int CAP = 5; string name[CAP]; // student name float average[CAP]; // course average char grade[CAP]; // course grade ... for (int i = 0; i < CAP; i++) cout << " Student: " << name[i] << " Average: " << average[i] << " Grade: " << grade[i] << endl;

  32. 8.7 The typedef Statement • Creates an alias for a data type. • Format: typedef existingType newName; • Example: typedef float Money; Money Paycheck[CAP]; // array of // floats.

  33. Uses of typedef • Can make code more readable. • Can be used to create alias for array of a particular type // Define yearArray as a data type // that is an array of 12 ints typedef int yearArray[MONTHS]; // Create two of these arrays yearArray highTemps, lowTemps;

  34. 8.8 Arrays as Function Arguments • To declare a function with an array parameter, use empty [] to indicate the argument is an array. • To pass an array argument to a function, just use the array name // Function prototype void showScores(int []); // Function header void showScores(int test[]) // Function call showScores(test);

  35. Passing an Array Element • Passing a single array element to a function is no different than passing a regular variable of that data type • Function does not need to know that the value it receives is coming from an array displayValue(score[i]); // call void displayValue(int item) // header { cout << item << endl; }

  36. Passing an Entire Array • Use the array name, without any brackets, as the argument • Can also pass the array size so the function knows how many elements to process showScores(test, 5); // call void showScores(int[],int); // prototype void showScores(int A[], int size) // header

  37. Using typedef with a Passed Array Can use typedef to simplify function prototype and heading // Make intArray an integer array // of unspecified size typedef int intArray[]; // Function prototype void showScores(intArray, int); // Function header void showScores(intArray test, int size)

  38. Modifying Arrays in Functions • Array parameters are passed by reference • Changes made to array in a function are made to the actual array in the calling function • Must be careful that an array is not inadvertently changed by a function

  39. Number of cols Number of rows 8.9 Two-Dimensional Arrays • Can define one array for multiple sets of data • Like a table in a spreadsheet • Use two size declarators in definition int exam[4][3];

  40. Two-Dimensional Array Representation columns r o w s int exam[4][3]; Must use two subscripts to access element exam[2][2] = 86;

  41. Initialization at Definition • Two-dimensional arrays are initialized row-by-row int exam[2][2] = { {84, 78}, {92, 97} }; • exam[0] is row 1, an int array containing {84, 78}.

  42. Passing a Two-Dimensional Array to a Function • Use array name as argument in function call getExams(exam, 2); • Use empty [] for row and a size declarator for col in the prototype and header // Prototype, where #cols is 2 void getExams(int[][2], int); // Header void getExams (intEx[][2],introws)

  43. Using typedef with aTwo-Dimensional Array Can use typedef for simpler notation typedef int intExams[][2]; ... // Function prototype void getExams(intExams, int); // Function header void getExams(intExams exam,introws)

  44. 2D Array Traversal • Use nested loops, one for row and one for column, to visit each array element. for (int r=0; r<NROWS; r++) for (int c=0; c<NCOLS; c++) process exam[r][c] …

  45. 8.10 Arrays with Three or More Dimensions • Can define arrays with any number of dimensions short rectSolid [2][3][5]; double timeGrid[3][4][3][4]; • When used as parameter, specify size of all but 1st dimension void getRectSolid(short [][3][5]);

  46. 8.13 Arrays of Structures • Structures can be used as array elements struct Student { int studentID; string name; short year; double gpa; }; Student Class[30];// Holds 30 // Student records.

  47. Arrays of Structures • Use array subscript [ ] to access a specific structure in the array • Then use dot . operator to access members of that structure cin >> Class[25].studentID; cout << Class[i].name << " has GPA " << Class[i].gpa << endl;

  48. Chapter 8: Arrays Starting Out with C++ Early Objects Seventh Edition by Tony Gaddis, Judy Walters, and Godfrey Muganda

  49. 8.14 Arrays of Class Objects • Class objects can also be used as array elements class Square { private: int side; public: Square(int s = 1) { side = s; } int getSide() { return side; } }; Square shapes[10]; // Create array of 10 // Square objects

  50. Arrays of Class Objects member function object • First, use an array subscript [ ] to access a specific object in the array • Then, use dot . operator to access the member of that object for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) cout << shapes[i].getSide()<< endl;

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