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Direct Manipulation

Explore the principles and examples of direct manipulation in interface design, covering concepts such as the Gulf of Execution and Evaluation. Learn about feedback, affordance, constraints, and more, along with practical examples and guidelines for effective interface design.

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Direct Manipulation

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  1. Don't be so humble - you are not that great." - Golda Meir (1898-1978) to a visiting diploma Direct Manipulation “Don't be so humble - you are not that great." - Golda Meir (1898-1978) to a visiting diplomat

  2. Deleting a file 1Early Mac Interface

  3. Deleting a file 2

  4. MicroSoft Garbage Can • MicroSoft version is harder to determine state then the Apple version.

  5. Action Cycle

  6. Direct Mappings of Interaction Levels

  7. Gulf of Execution • The difference between the steps one actually needs to take to achieve a goal and the steps that one perceives. • Devices (interfaces) which present to the user obtuse clues about use and thus the perception of use the user identifies is said to wide the disconnect between user goals and the ability to achieve that goal.

  8. Gulf of Evaluation • The degree to which the environment provides a representation which can be directly interpreted to provide accurate state. • Does the user know what just happened and is left in an unambiguous state.

  9. Gulf of Execution Example • Want to find Dave Bockus at Brock • Steps • Go to Brock home page. • Click on menu. • Manually search menu to find Directory • Assuming you know that directory is what you are looking for. • Type in Name • Get my email address, extension, • Alternately, I can use Google via link on top.

  10. Gulf of Evaluation Example • How about a Yes/No dialogue box. A simple question made complex.

  11. Articulatory DirectnessMouse Locator, Macro Express

  12. Foundations of DM • Visibility • is the operation easily visible to the user? • are relevant objects visible to the user? • Affordance • is the use of the object apparent? • Conceptual Models • is the users concept of what needs to be done in sync with the system? • Mapping Principles • does the use of the object follow standards?

  13. Foundations of DM cont. • Feedback • does the user know the exact state of the system at all times? • incremental action at the interface with rapid feedback. E.g. moving a file, file is visible during the move. • Drawing on user knowledge • can the user draw on experience knowledge to help cope with the object or task?

  14. Foundations of DM cont.. • Constraints • does the system ensure the user follows the "Yellow Brick Road” • Replacement of complex command languages • actions manipulate the visible objects directly. • Syntactic correctness • every user action is a syntactic legal action. • enforced by semantic constraints.

  15. Icon GuidelinesA picture is worth a 1000 words • Familiar and Recognizable • Limit number of different Icons • Icons should stand out from background • 3D icons • Selected icons are clearly visible • Make Icons distinctive from other icons • Harmonious members of families • Movement animation • Detail information, shading, animation, colour • Combining Icons to show function, such as copying, locking folders, Attribute Joins in Data Bases.

  16. Macro Expressallows automation of Windows Environment

  17. Access Expression Builder

  18. Access Query Design

  19. NextStep & OpenStep • Started in 1989 by Steve Jobs • Next computer, designed for edu. use. • A failure, as a company • NextStep OS - Object Oriented • Ran on “Next” computers, Ported to Sun, HP, Intel & 68xxx • Allowed desktop objects to be combined to form new applications. • Took the lead in OPP programming. • Now part of Apple (Mac OSx). • Rapid Application Development (RAD)‏ • Visual tools to allow applications to be developed quickly • Interface building applications. • Legacy • Developed Object C • First WebBrowser • Pioneered HTML

  20. Guideline for DM programming Environment • Sufficient computational generality (conditionals, iteration)‏ • Access to data structures (files, directories, booleans, i/o widgets)‏ • Ease of programming (by example, by demonstration) modularity, argument passing. • Simplicity in invocation and assignment of arguments (direct manipulation, simple library strategies, in-context execution). • Low risk (should work, low error rate, halt & resume, error recovery, reversal). • Always leave the system in a safe state

  21. Visual Basic in Excel

  22. Visual Basic Builder

  23. Access - Relation builderDrag fields to make relationship

  24. VirtuSpere http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NmpOQZgHUMo

  25. The End

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