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Statistical Methods

Learn about collecting, characterizing, and making decisions based on data. Explore sampling techniques, survey errors, and hypothesis testing.

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Statistical Methods

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  1. Statistical Methods • Descriptive Statistics • Inferential Statistics Collecting and describing data. Making decisions based on sample data.

  2. Descriptive Statistics • Collect Datae.g. Survey • Present Data e.g. Tables and Graphs • Characterize Data e.g. Mean A Characteristic of a: Population is a Parameter Sample is a Statistic.

  3. Inferential Statistics • Estimation • Hypothesis • Testing Making decisions concerning a population based on sample results.

  4. Types of Data

  5. Data Sources Primary Data Collection Secondary Data Compilation Print or Electronic Observation Survey Experimentation

  6. Types of Sampling Methods Samples Probability Samples Non-Probability Samples Simple Random Stratified Judgement Chunk Cluster Systematic Quota

  7. Probability Samples Subjects of the sample are chosen based on known probabilities. Probability Samples Simple Random Systematic Stratified Cluster

  8. Simple Random Samples • Every individual or item from the • target frame has an equal chance of • being selected. • Selection may be with replacement or • without replacement. • One may use table of random numbers • for obtaining samples.

  9. Systematic Samples • Decide on sample size: n • Divide population of N individuals into groups of • k individuals: k = N/n • Randomly select one individual from the 1st group. • Select every k-th individual thereafter. N = 64 n = 8 k = 8 First Group

  10. Stratified Samples • Population divided into 2 or more groups according to some common characteristic. • Simple random sample selected from each. • The two or more samples are combined into one.

  11. Cluster Samples • Population divided into several “clusters”, • each representative of the population. • Simple random sample selected from each. • The samples are combined into one. Population divided into 4 clusters.

  12. Types of Survey Errors • Coverage Error • Non Response Error • Sampling Error • Measurement Error Excluded from selection. Follow up on non responses. Chance differences fromsampleto sample. Bad Question!

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