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Firefighter III

Firefighter III. Module B Ventilation (4-9). 3-11.1. Identify the stack effect:. Stack effect- The effect of smoke and fire communicating and traveling rapidly through pipe shafts, stairwells, elevator shafts, HVAC systems, and other vertical opening creating an upward updraft.

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Firefighter III

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  1. Firefighter III Module B Ventilation (4-9)

  2. 3-11.1. Identify the stack effect: • Stack effect- The effect of smoke and fire communicating and traveling rapidly through pipe shafts, stairwells, elevator shafts, HVAC systems, and other vertical opening creating an upward updraft.

  3. 3-11.2. Identify the manual and automatic venting devices found within structures. • A. Curtain boards: • 1) Used to trap and low the spread of heat and smoke within the structure. • 2) When used along with a bent, serve to increase the size of the stack. • 3) Constructed of non-combustible material. • 4) Extended from roof or ceiling to a height necessary to restrict the spread of heat and smoke.

  4. 3-11.2. Identify the manual and automatic venting devices found within structures. • B. Roof monitors: • 1) Rectangular shaped projections through the roof of one-story buildings. • 2) May have sides of constructed of: • a) Glass. • b) Wired glass. • c) Metal. • d) Louver.

  5. 3-11.2. Identify the manual and automatic venting devices found within structures. • Roof Monitors (cont.) • 3) Operation: • a) Glass sides- glass must break in order to ventilate the heat and smoke of a fire. • b) Metal or louvered sides- should have at least two opposite sides hinged at the bottom and a fusible link holding the top closed until the heat of a fire causes the fusible link to melt opening the top of the monitor, thereby ventilating the smoke and heat of the fire.

  6. 3-11.2. Identify the manual and automatic venting devices found within structures. • c) Continuous gravity vents: • 1) Broken narrow slot openings similar to those found along the gable end of pitched roofs. • 2) Covered with weather hoods to keep out the elements. • 3) Sometimes equipped with temperature control shutters that should open automatically in case of fire.

  7. 3-11.2. Identify the manual and automatic venting devices found within structures. • D. Unit type vents: • 1) Metal frames and walls that are controlled by manual or automatic hinged dampers. • 2) Range in size from four ft by four ft to ten ft by ten ft. • 3) Number and location determined by occupancy.

  8. 3-11.2. Identify the manual and automatic venting devices found within structures. • E. Automatic heat and smoke vents: • 1) Attempts to use forcible entry techniques on these may result in injury and or extensive damage. • 2) Preplanning should indicate manual release mechanisms.

  9. 3-11.3. Identify the operations and considerations necessary to control the spread of smoke and fire through duct systems, including: (4-9.2) • A       May not be functioning or functioning properly. • B       May contribute to smoke and fire spread. • C       Pre-plan should include: • 1) Location of all ducts. • 2) Types of installed protection systems. • 3) Design capabilities of HVAC system. • 4) Location and operation of manual controls to shut down system. • D. Procedures should be developed that include: • 1) Checking areas around ductwork for fire spread. • 2) Smoke removal from system before activation. • E. If not familiar, contact building engineer.

  10. 3-11.3.1. Determining location and routing of ducts: • A       Should be located during pre-plan. • If not familiar, contact building engineer.

  11. 3-11.3.2. Shutting down systems to prevent spread of heat and smoke: • A       Pre-plan should include location and operation of manual controls to shut down system. • B       If not familiar, contact building engineer.

  12. 3-11.3.3. Examining duct system after thorough ventilation: • A       Procedures should be developed that include: • a)      Checking areas around ductwork for fire spread. • b)      Smoke removal from system before activation.

  13. 3-11.3.4. Checking false ceilings or framing enclosing duct systems: • A       Procedures should be developed that include: • a)      Checking areas around ductwork for fire spread. • Smoke removal from system before activation.

  14. 3-11.3.5. Checking duct system outlets: • A       Pre-plan should include location and operation of manual controls to shut down system. • B       If not familiar, contact building engineer.

  15. 3-11.3.6. Determining if duct system has openings, smoke dampers or smoke detectors: • Pre-incident planning should include information on the design capabilities of the HVAC system. Also included should be diagrams of the duct system through out the building and information on fire protection systems (sprinkler, smoke, or heat detection) within the HVAC ductwork. Fire personnel should be familiar with the location and operation of controls that manually shut down the system when so desired.

  16. 3-11.4. Identify considerations that must be made when determining the location and size of a ventilation opening including: (4-9.3) • 3-11.4.1. Availability of openings: • A       Sky lights. • B       Ventilator shafts. • C       Monitor. • D       Hatches. • 3-11.4.2. Location of fire: Whenever possible, vent above fire. • 3-11.4.3. Direction in which fire will be drawn: • 3-11.4.4. Type building construction:

  17. 3-11.4. Identify considerations that must be made when determining the location and size of a ventilation opening including: (4-9.3) • 3-11.4.5. Wind direction: • 3-11.4.6. Progress of the fire: • 3-11.4.7. Condition of the building: • 3-11.4.8. Obstructions: • 3-11.4.9. Relative efficiency of large vs. small openings:

  18. 3-11.5. Identify fire ground situations where forced ventilation procedures may be required: (4-9.5) • A. When the type of construction is unsuitable for natural ventilation. • B. When the fire is below ground. • C. When there is no fire but smoke needs to be removed from; • 1) Tunnels. • 2) Buildings. • 3) Basements. • D. To relay smoke through buildings of large area. • E. Positive pressure ventilation may be used any time either horizontal or vertical ventilation is used.

  19. 3-11.5. Identify fire ground situations where forced ventilation procedures may be required: (4-9.5) • F. Hydraulic ventilation may be used by hose teams making an interior attack. • 1) It ensures more positive control. • 2) It supplements natural ventilation. • 3) It speeds the removal of contaminants, facilitating a more rapid rescue under safe conditions. • 4)  It reduces smoke damage. • 5) It promotes good public relations. • 6) When the type of construction is unsuitable for natural ventilation because of the lack of vertical shafts or horizontal exterior openings. • 7) When fire is below ground level in basements or below deck, check on marine craft where it is difficult to gain entrance.

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