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phil 2303

phil 2303. i ntro to logic. t he ‘4 th ’ law of logic. l aw of sufficient reason. Gottfried W. Leibniz.

aubrey-phillips
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phil 2303

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  1. phil2303 intro to logic

  2. the ‘4th’ law of logic law of sufficient reason

  3. Gottfried W. Leibniz

  4. For every entityx, if x exists, then there is a sufficient explanation why x exists.For every evente, if e occurs, then there is a sufficient explanation why e occurs.For every propositionp, if p is true, then there is a sufficient explanation why p is true.

  5. In other words, the principle of sufficient reason states that anything that happens does so for a reason: no state of affairs can obtain, and no statement can be true unless there is sufficient reason why it should not be otherwise

  6. This led to two schools of thought regarding this 4th law (which is why it is not included in most pedagogical lessons of logic)

  7. determinismIn a deterministic system, every action, or cause, produces a reaction, or effect, and every reaction, in turn, becomes the cause of subsequent reactions.

  8. non-deterministicIn a non-deterministic system, the putative ability of various agents allow them to make choices free of certain kinds of restraints (i.e. free will).

  9. logic exercises

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