METR112 Global Climate Change -- Lecture 2 Energy Balance

1. METR112 Global Climate Change -- Lecture 2 Energy Balance Prof. Menglin Jin San Jose State University

2. Review Lecture 1 • Two critical increases – global mean surface temperature and • greenhouse gases • 2. One key concept – greenhouse effect

3. Change in surface temperature in 20th century

4. Two main points in this figure • Globalmean surface temperatures have increased 0.5-1.0°C since the late 19th century • The 20th century's 10 warmest years all occurred in the last 15 years of the century Note: 1. why is global mean? 2. what is surface air temperature? (see next few slides)

5. The “Keeling curve,” a long-term record of atmospheric CO2 concentration measured at the Mauna Loa Observatory (Keeling et al.). Although the annual oscillations represent natural, seasonal variations, the long-term increase means that concentrations are higher than they have been in 400,000 years. Graphic courtesy of NASA’s Earth Observatory.

6. Methane

7. Greenhouse gases (important!) CO2 CH4 N2O (Nitrous Oxiode, so called “laughing gas”) CFC O3 H2O by the early 21st century, N2O had become nearly as important a greenhouse gas as methane. Their best guess was 0.7°C for N2O, and 0.3°C for methane. Wang et al. (1976).

8. The Greenhouse Effect (Important concept)

11. Energy of Earth BALANCED BALANCED BALANCED BALANCED

12. Useful link on energy balance: http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/energybalance/index.html

13. Energy Balance Video http://www.met.sjsu.edu/metr112-videos/MET%20112%20Video%20Library-wmv/energy%20balance/ Earth’s Energy Budget.WMV

14. Energy Balance Assume that the Earth’s surface is in thermodynamic equilibrium: Thermodynamic Equilibrium: The flow of energy away the surface equals the flow of energy toward the surface Surface Average surface temperature = 15°C

15. 100% of the incoming energy from the sun is balanced by 100% percent total energy outgoing from the earth. incoming energy from the Sun = outgoing energy from the Earth.

16. Units Our class will use both English and Metric unit systems. Most important: Distance (kilometres and miles) Temperature (ºC and ºF) Conversions: 1.6 km = 1 mile; 1 km = 0.61 miles (9/5 x ºC) + 32 = ºF (ºF – 32) x 5/9 = ºC

17. Unit Review What is the current temperature in ºC? (current temp = 90F) California is about 800 miles long (from Oregon to Mexico). How many kilometers is that? If you were told that the average high temperature in Sydney Australia at this time of year is 26ºC, what temperature is that in ºF? Class participation

18. Three temperature scales: • Kelvin • Celsius • Fahrenheit • What does temperature mean physically? • What does 0° K mean? °K= °C+273 Answer: statistical averaged speed of air molecules

19. Temperature the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity) Temperature is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics. On the microscopic scale, temperature is defined as the average energy of microscopic motions of a single particle in the system per degree of freedom. On the macroscopic scale, temperature is the unique physical property that determines the direction of heat flow between two objects placed in thermal contact. Warm temperature Cold temperature

21. Just an example, could be higher or lower

22. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation#Climate_effect_of_solar_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_radiation#Climate_effect_of_solar_radiation

23. since the Earth is much cooler than the Sun, its radiating energy is much weaker (long wavelength) infrared energy. energy radiation into the atmosphere as heat, rising from a hot road, creating shimmers on hot sunny days. The earth-atmosphere energy balance is achieved as the energy received from the Sun balances the energy lost by the Earth back into space. So, the Earth maintains a stable average temperature and therefore a stable climate. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream//atmos/energy.htm

24. Group Discussion If you go camping with friends. The first day and night are clear and the 2nd day and night are cloudy. Which day is cold? Which night is cold? Why?

25. The Transfer Of Heat: 3 ways The heat source for our planet is the Energy from the sun is transferred through space and through the earth's atmosphere to the earth's surface. Since this energy warms the earth's surface and atmosphere, some of it is or becomes heat energy. There are three ways heat is transferred into and through the atmosphere: radiation conduction convection sun

26. Radiation is the transfer of heat energy through spaceby electromagnetic radiation.

27. All cell phones, once powered on, emit certain amounts of electromagnetic radiation in the microwave radio frequency range. eport that associated prolonged mobile phone use and exposure to differing amounts of cellular phone radiation to brain tumors, cancer, stress, headaches, cognitive problems, and sleep disorders http://heatexchanger-design.com/2011/03/17/radiation-2/

28. The flow of heat by conductionoccurs via collisions between atoms and molecules in the substance and the subsequent transfer of kinetic energy. Take a look: http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Image:Translational-motion.gif

29. Fig. 2-2, p. 30

30. Cumulus clouds indicates where upward convection currents are Convection is the transfer of heat energy in a fluid. Other example: In kitchen liquid boiling

31. What forms you see here to transfer heat?

32. Video Global Energy Balance -Albedo See video below to help your understanding http://www.met.sjsu.edu/metr112-videos/MET%20112%20Video%20Library-wmv/energy%20balance-albedo/ • Ice Albedo .wmv • Clouds albedo.wmv -observe cloud and surface albedo, • also observe shortwave radiation and lonwave radiation • c. Globe Ice Albedo.wmv

33. Video Global Energy Balance What is the source of global energy? What is the difference between icesheet and ocean in terms of their reflections on incoming solar radiation?

34. Arctic sea ice coverage, 1979 and 2003, all students need to read NASA http://www.learner.org/channel/courses/envsci/unit/text.php?unit=12&secNum=7

35. I I OUT IN α = IOUT IIN Albedo Definition The ratio of the outgoing solar radiation reflected by an object to the incoming solar radiation incident upon it. By Earth Observatory Glossary, NASAhttp://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/glossary.php3?mode=all IIN: Incoming solar radiation reaching the object Iout: Reflected solar radiaiton by the surface

36. Less snow Smaller albedo More insolation in surface Higher surface temperature By Reading NASA http://www.learner.org/channel/courses/envsci/unit/text.php?unit=12&secNum=7/ we can see: • The Earth is not warming uniformly. • climate change is expected to affect the polar • regions more severely: • -The Arctic is warming nearly twice as rapidly as the rest of the world; • -winter temperatures in Alaska and western Canada have risen by • up to 3–4°C in the past 50 years, and • - Arctic precipitation has increased by about 8 percent over the past century • (mostly as rain) Due to, partly: Positive albedo feedback (Important!)

37. Albedo of Earth • The term albedo (Latin for white) is commonly used to or • applied to the overall average reflection of an object. • the albedo of the Earth is 0.39 (Kaufmann 1991 ) and • this affects the equilibrium temperature of the Earth. This is why albedo is important

38. Features of Albedo • Dimensionless • Range: 0 (dark) – 1 (bright) • The word is derived from Latinalbedo "whiteness", in turn from albus "white". • Albedo is determined by the structural and optical properties • of the surface, such as shadow-casting, mutiple scattering, mutual shadowing, • transmission, reflection, absorption and emission by surface elements, • facet orientation distribution and facet density.

39. Why Is Surface Albedo Critical? Surface Energy Budget: (1-α)Sd +LWd-εσTskin4 +SH+LE + G= 0 Surface albedo Answer: albedo plays the key role in surface energy balance as it decides how much surface insolation is kept in Earth surface system

40. Albedo= 0.0 indicates that the surface absorbs all solar radiation, Albedo = 1.0 means that the surafce reflects all solar radiation

41. Albedo and Cool Roofs Cool roof needs • High/Low albedo • High/Low emissivity Handout: albedo and cool roofs http://theothermy.blogspot.com/2007/12/albedo-and-cool-roofs.html

42. NASA MODIS-Observed Albedo (0.3-5.0mm) For 14 - 29 September, 2001 0.0 0.2 0.4+ No Data

43. (0.3-5.0mm) NASA MODIS Observed Albedo For 1 - 16 January, 2002 0.0 0.2 0.4+ No Data

44. (0.3-5.0mm) NASA MODS-Observed Albedo For 7 - 22 April, 2002 0.0 0.2 0.4+ No Data

45. Conclusion from NASA MODIS Albedo (namely, the last few slides) • Albedo varies across the global land surfaces. This is determined by land cover • Albedo has clear seasonality • Snow surafce has high albedo, forest has low albedo, desert has high albedo