Lecture 21 NATURAL RESOURCE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

1. Lecture 21NATURAL RESOURCE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT Dr. Aneel SALMAN Department of Management Sciences COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad

2. Recap Lecture 20 • Land-Use Planning • Elements of the planning process • Urban sprawl • Smart Growth • Greenspace • Land Use Planning in Pakistan

3. PUBLIC POLICY ASSESSMENT TOOLS

4. Policy Process • Understanding the policy issue or problem (agenda-setting) • Exploring possible options for resolving the problem • Weighing up the costs and benefits of each option • Making a rational choice about the best option (decision-making) • Implementing the policy • Evaluation (possibly)

5. Object-Domain of Public Policy Analysis • I – POLICY FORMULATION 1 – Policy problems 2 – Policy objectives 3 –Policy contents (action plans and resources) • II – POLICY IMPLEMENTATION 4 – Policy decisions and legislation 5 – Policy implementation 6 – Policy outcomes and impacts • III – POLICY REVIEW 7 – Policy monitoring 8 – Policy evaluation 9 – Policy reporting

6. A Legitimation Issue • Policy makers feel that they lack legitimation in their policy making process. • Mistrust between public opinion, experts and policy makers. • Information society and information circulation and availability. • Social fragmentation. • Short agendas vs. long term concerns.

7. What is a Public Decision Process? • Distributed Decision Power (several stakeholders). • Different Rationalities. • Participation “de facto”. • Public Deliberation. • Social Outcomes. • Long Time Horizon.

8. Specificities What is specific in Public Policies? • Different types of Actors: • Political actors (short term political agendas). • Officials and Experts (medium term knowledge based agendas). • Social groups more or less fragmented. • Different types of stakes. • From long term and/or affecting large parts of territory and population, to • short term individual “opportunistic” stakes. • Heterogeneous resources such as: knowledge, trust, money, land, authority, power etc. are committed in the process.

9. Consequences What are the consequences? • Conflicting opinions, priorities, actions. • Conflicting information and interpretations. • Different languages and communication patterns. • Mutually adaptive behaviour along time. What does it mean? • Accountability, Legitimation, Consensus, Evidence

10. Formal Models in Public Policy Assessment Advantages • Common language. • Improved accountability. • Basis for participative decision making. • Exploring less “obvious aspects” (better insight). • Avoiding intuitive errors.

11. Formal Models in Public Policy Assessment Drawbacks • Possible loss of a global insight. • Possible loss of creative thinking. • Too much structuring of the decision process. • Does everybody understand formal models? • Cost of using formal models.

12. What does it mean? 95% of rural households in XYZ village do not have tap water available. • For us this is a serious problem and evidence of poverty, but for the locals it is not. • For the local men this is not a problem, while it is for the local women.

13. Differences of Perspective • Different standards and thresholds. • Different cultures. • Different stakeholders. • Different concerns. • Different resources.

14. Different Ways to Construct Evidence • Different ways to establish a majority. • Different ways to compute an average. • Different ways to take into account the importance of ... • Positive and Negative reasons/arguments.

15. Policy Analysis/Assessment • Multi-method (quantitative, qualitative) • Multi-disciplinary (social sciences) • Problem-focused • Mapping the context • Options and effects • Analysis: • Of policy => theories (determination, content, evaluation) • For policy => prescriptive, applied (techniques)

16. Policy Analysis Tools • Decision analysis, Sensitivity analysis and Systems analysis • Cost-benefit analysis • Implementation research, financial auditing and reporting tools • Evaluation research, environmental and social impact assessment. • Additional tools include: • Project management; social indicators; management information and reporting systems; total quality management; technology assessment; forecasting; scenario writing; creativity techniques; idealised design

17. Policy Evaluation Final step in policy making Process to know impact of any public policy It is about learning the consequences of public policy – Thomas Dye The impact of any policy whether direct or indirect, immediate or futuristic, symbolic or tangible is ascertained and measured through the process of evaluation.

18. Criteria for Evaluation Effectiveness: Has a valued outcome been achieved? Efficiency: How much effort required to achieve outcomes? Adequacy: Does outcome resolve the problem? Equity: Are costs & benefits distributed equitably? Responsiveness: Do outcomes satisfy needs of target groups? Appropriateness: Are the outcomes/objectives worthy?

19. Approaches to Evaluation Before versus after comparisons Projected trend line versus post policy comparisons Comparisons between jurisdictions with or without policy Comparisons between control and experimental groups before and after policy implementation

20. National Climate Change Policy-Pakistan Analysis Framework Analysis (FA) Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) Policy Process Analysis (PPA) Discourse Analysis (DA) Linguistic approach (Fløttum and Dahl 2012) Keeley and Scoones Framework (2003)

21. Framework Analysis (FA) • Qualitative method used in applied policy research and analysis. • Better adapted to research that has specific questions, a limited time frame, a pre-designed sample (e.g. professional participants) and priori issues (e.g. organizational and integration issues) that need to be dealt with (Srivastava and Thomson 2009).

22. Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) • Method to assess monetary costs and benefits of a capital investment project [policy] for a given period of time (Hanley 2001). • Considers only the economic implications of a project [policy] (Eliasson 2009).

23. Policy Process Analysis (PPA) • Concentrates solely on the process of a policy, whether the policy follows the actual steps or not.

24. Discourse Analysis (DA) • Qualitative method that assesses the documented material or text of a policy in detail using analytical perspective (Peräkylä 2005). • Suited for analyzing data consisting of media texts, policy documents or environmental movements (Kurz et al. 2005)

25. Hajer Framework (2006) • Desk Research– a first chronology and first reading of events • Helicopter Interviews–to gain an overview from different perspectives • Document Analysis–to identify story lines and metaphors, and the sites of discursive struggle • Interviews with key players–to construct interviewee discourses and shifts in recognition of alternative perspectives • Sites of argumentation–search data to account for argumentative exchange

26. Hajer Framework (2006) • Analyze for positioning effects–to show how people, institutions or nation-states get caught up in an interplay • Identify key incidents–to understand the discursive dynamics and outcomes • Analysis of practices in particular cases of argumentation–by going back to the data to see if the meaning of what is said can be related to the practices in which it was said. • Interpretation– come up with an account of the discursive structures, practices, and sites of production

27. Linguistic Approach (Fløttum and Dahl 2012)

28. Keeley and Scoones Framework (2003) • Knowledge and discourse - what is the ‘policy narrative’? How is it framed through science, research etc? • Actors and networks- who is involved and how they are connected? • Politics and interests- what are the underlying power dynamics?

29. Concluding Remarks Harvard Prof James Q. Wilson Wilson’s First Law : All policy interventions produce the intended effects – if the research is carried out by those implementing the policy or by their friends. Wilson’s Second Law : No policy intervention produces the intended effect – if the research is carried out by independent third parties, especially those skeptical of the policy.

30. Concluding Remarks Different assessment tools for different types of policies. Given how the NCCP has already been evaluated: Develop a data set or archive. Come up with a holistic, indigenous and innovative ‘framework’ or ‘tool’ which suits our needs rather than merely using cookie cutter tools already developed that may or may not be useful.