Dynamics of Change in Africa & India, 1750-1870

1. Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750-1870Chapter 24

2. Changes and Exchanges in Africa

3. New Africa States • Drought hit coastlands of southeastern Africa • Conflict over grazing • Zulu led by Shaka • New national identity and new kingdom • Neighboring states • Swaziland and Lesotho

4. West Africa • Islam purity • Jihad • Largest states in Hausa • Sokoto Caliphate (1809-1906) • Centers of learning • Slavery • Seclusion of women

5. Modernization in Egypt and Ethiopia • Egypt, Muhammad Ali (r.1805-1848) • Raised military strength by requiring Egyptian peasants to cultivate ____ and other crops for export. • Ismail • Focused on westernization • Railroads, Cairo • How did he fund programs? • When the market for cotton collapse after the Civil War, France and England ________

6. In the mid to late 19th century Ethiopian kings reconquered territory that had been lost since the sixteenth century, purchased modern European ______, and began to manufacture _____ locally. • An attempt to hold British officials captive led to a temporary British occupation in the 1860s, but the British withdrew and the modernization program continued.

7. European Penetration • In 1830 France invaded Algeria • It took ___ years for France to defeat Algerian resistance • Muslim holy man Abd al-Qadir • By 1871 130,000 European settlers had taken possession of rich Algerian farmland. • Peaceful expeditions: • David Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley, and other explorers traced the courses of the Nile, the Zambezi, and Congo rivers.

8. Abolition and Legitimate Trade • In 1808 activities of Britain and United States prohibited their citizens from participating in the slave trade. This was a result of: • British navy • Cuba and Brasil • “Legitimate Trade” • Gold • Palm oil • Jaja

9. Suppression of slave trade led to Western cultural influences in Africa. • Missionaries • Sierra Leone • African Americans • Liberia

10. Secondary Empires in Eastern Africa • East African markets • Slave trade supplied from North Africa and Middle East • Zanzibar Island • Slave trade • Ivory trade • Cloves • “Secondary Empires” • Tippu Tip • Western demand for ivory • Weapons • Muhammad Ali • slaves

11. India Under British Rule

12. Company Men • Mughal Empire in 18th century was defeated by Iranian armies. • Nawabs became de facto rulers of independent states • “Company Men” est. trading posts and hired sepoys for protection. • British East Indian Company pushed out French and forced the Mughal to recognize the Company and became the “Bombay Presidency”

13. Raj and Rebellion, 1818-1857 • The British “raj” • Administrative and social reform • Support Indian social and religious customs • Contradiction • Before 1850s the English created a government that relied on sepoy military power that: • Disarmed Indian warriors • Christian missionaries • Private land ownership • “traditional” rituals

14. British political and economic influence benefited Indian elites while bringing new _______ to the poor and causing the collapse of the _____ industry. • Sepoy Rebellion 1857 • Severe British shock

15. Political Reform and Industrial Impact • 1857-58 the British eliminated the last traces of the Mughal and Company rule. • London • Princes in luxury • Durbars • Indian Civil Service • Expand production • Agricultural commodities • Irrigation systems • Railroads • Telegraph lines • Spread of cholera led to new ____ systems.

16. Rising Indian Nationalism • Failure of the 1857 rebellion led to a new way for Indians to achieve control of their destiny. • Pan-Indian nationalism • Rammouhan Roy and his “Brahmo Smaj” movement • Western secular values • Reform traditional abuses of women • Western nationalism that transcended religious differences.

17. First Indian National Congress in 1885 • National unity • Civil Service

18. Britain's Eastern Empire

19. Colonies and Commerce • What allowed British to expand its control in South Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Caribbean? • The Cape Colony was valuable to Britain because of its strategic importance as a _______ on the route to India.

20. Afrikaners • “Great Trek”1836 and 1839 to found new colonies on the fertile high veld that had been depopulated by the Zulu wars. • Afrikaner’s Orange Free State • Transvaal • Southeast Asia • Thomas Raffles est. Singapore 1824 • Assam and Burma annexed 1826 and 1852 respectively

21. Imperial Policies and Shipping • Historians depict Britain as a reluctant empire builder, more interested in _____ than in acquiring territory. • Ports in a global shipping network for free trade • Exporters • Technological revolution • Use of iron • Canvas sails

22. Colonization of Australia and New Zealand • Portuguese mariners sighted Australia in the early seventeenth century. • James Cook surveyed New Zealand and eastern Australian coast 1769-1778. • New ships contributed to colonization of Australia and New Zealand by the British. • Disease • Aborigines • Maori

23. Australia • British convicts • Gold 1851 • New Zealand • Slow development until: • Gold 1860 • Maori defeated • Governing power turned over • Australia promoted= • New Zealand promoted= • Women suffrage 1894

24. New Labor Migrations • Between 1834 and 1870 large numbers of: Indians, Chinese, African, and Japanese went overseas as laborers in British colonies, Cuba, and Hawaii. • Mostly _____ • Why was demand for workers high? • Indentured servants • Generally much poorer than European emigrants