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LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE ERUPTION OF INDONESIA’S MOUNT SINABUNG February 3, 2014

LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE ERUPTION OF INDONESIA’S MOUNT SINABUNG February 3, 2014. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA . NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE INDONESIA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK. EARTHQUAKES. GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE. CYCLONES. FLOODS.

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LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE ERUPTION OF INDONESIA’S MOUNT SINABUNG February 3, 2014

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  1. LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE ERUPTION OF INDONESIA’S MOUNT SINABUNGFebruary 3, 2014 Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

  2. NATURAL HAZARDS THAT PLACE INDONESIA’S COMMUNITIES AT RISK EARTHQUAKES GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCE CYCLONES FLOODS ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE LANDSLIDES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

  3. MOUNT SINABUNGNorth Sumatra

  4. FEBRUARY 3, 2012

  5. Scalding ash up to 700 degrees C raced down the slope in just two to three minutes, engulfing Sukameriah, a village close to the volcano's crater.

  6. 15 DEATHS—THE FIRST TIME THIS VOLCANOE’S ERUPTION HAS CAUSED DEATHS All the deaths and at least 3 injuries were in Sukameriah

  7. NOVEMBER 3, 2012

  8. VOLCANOES PART OF THE PACIFIC “RING OF FIRE,” INDONESIA HAS 127 ACTIVE VOLCANOES AS A RESULT OF COMPLEX SUBDUCTION OF THE INDO-AUSTRALIA AND EURASIATECTONIC PLATES

  9. 542 OF THE 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES ARE LOCATED IN “RING OF FIRE”

  10. INDONESIA

  11. INDONESIA’S VOLCANOES

  12. ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE ON VOLCANOES

  13. VOLCANO HAZARDS CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS • VERTICAL PLUME (can affect jet aircraft) • ASH AND TEPHRA • LATERAL BLAST • PYROCLASTIC CLOUDS, BURSTS, AND FLOWS

  14. VOLCANO HAZARDS CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS • LAVA FLOWS • LAHARS (can bury villages) • EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava) • “VOLCANIC WINTER” (causing famine and mass extinctions)

  15. CAUSES OF RISK LATERAL BLAST PYROCLASTIC FLOWS FLYING DEBRIS VOLCANIC ASH VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS LAVA FLOWS CASE HISTORIES LAHARS TOXIC GASES

  16. VOLCANO HAZARDS • PEOPLE & BLDGS. • VULNERABILITY • LOCATION • PREPAREDNESS • PROTECTION • EARLY WARNING • EMERGENCY RESPONSE • RECOVERY and • RECONSTRUCTION VOLCANO RISK POLICY OPTIONS ACCEPTABLE RISK RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK GOAL: VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE INDONESIA’S COMMUNITIES DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

  17. INDONESIA’S MOST NOTABLE VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Lake Toba Mount Tambora Krakatau Merapi

  18. INDONESIA’S NOTABLE ERUPTIONS • Lake Toba:Supervolcanic eruption 74,000 years ago that caused 6 years of volcanic winter • Mount Tambora: One of the most violent eruptions in recorded history that occurred in 1815. • Krakatau:Notable for its global effects in 1883

  19. INDONESIA’S MOST ACTIVE VOLCANES AT PRESENT Mount Sinabung Mount Kelut Mount Merapi

  20. Since AD 1000, Kelut has erupted more than 30 times, with the largest eruption having a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 5 Thousands have died in these eruptions

  21. Merapi has erupted more than 80 times Thousands have died in these eruptions

  22. SUDDEN CHANGE IN ACTIVITYSince December 26, 2004 when the M9.3 Banda Ache earthquake and tsunami occurred, volcanic activity increased and some of Indonesia’s dormant volcanoes became active again.

  23. May 15, and June 6 - 8, 2006 ERUPTIONS OF MOUNT MERAPI

  24. MOUNT MERAPI RECEIVED CLOSE ATTENTION ON APRIL 18

  25. INDONESIA’S MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTED ON MAY 15, 2006 • Mount Merapi, a stratovolcano, emitted lava, debris, and a pyroclastic flow (or cloud) on May 15.

  26. MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION • Hot ash released.

  27. MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION • Volcanic ash turned everything white

  28. MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION • School children wore masks to counter adverse health effects of breathing volcanic ash.

  29. MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION • Volcanic ash covered crops and vegetation.

  30. MAY 15, 2006 ERUPTION • Volcanic ash covered automobiles and affected jet airline traffic.

  31. MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTED AGAIN ON JUNE 6-8, 2006 • Mount Merapi volcano emitted lava, debris, and pyroclastic flows (superheated clouds of gas) on Tuesday, June 6 and Wednesday, June 7.

  32. EXPLOSIVENESS OF JUNE 8 ERUPTION SENT 15,000 FLEEING

  33. EVACUATION • 11,000 from three districts evacuated to schools and other “safe haven” emer-gency shelters.

  34. MANY CHOSE TO EVACUATE • Many citizens chose to evacuate. • Evacuation was ordered. • Villagers remembered the 1994 disaster.

  35. MANY CHOOSE NOT TO EVACUATE • Many citizens chose not to evacuate because shelters are boring and they wanted to provide for livestock and tend crops.

  36. RISK ASSESSMENT • VULNERABILITY • EXPOSURE • EVENT • COST • BENEFIT VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS EXPECTED LOSS POLICY ADOPTION • CONSEQUENCES POLICY ASSESSMENT TOWARDS DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR VOLCANOES

  37. THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE: 1) KNOW THE ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF YOUR REGION’S VOLCANOES,2) BE PREPARED3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM 4) EVACUATE5) LEARN FROM THE EXPERIENCE AND START OVER

  38. MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES AND WARNING SYSTEMS ARE A VITAL PART OF SURVIVAL.

  39. AIR AND LAND MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES ARE VITAL .

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