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Chapter Three Fricatives /f, v/ /θ, ð/ /s, z/ /ʃ, ʒ/ / h /

Chapter Three Fricatives /f, v/ /θ, ð/ /s, z/ /ʃ, ʒ/ / h /. Introduction

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Chapter Three Fricatives /f, v/ /θ, ð/ /s, z/ /ʃ, ʒ/ / h /

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  1. Chapter ThreeFricatives/f, v/ /θ, ð/ /s, z/ /ʃ, ʒ// h /

  2. Introduction • There are nine friction consonants in English. For all of them the lung pushes air through a narrow opening where it causes friction of various kinds. Among them,/f, θ, s, ʃ, h/ are voiceless consonants while / v, ð, z, ʒ/ are voiced consonants.

  3. 舌位图/f/ & /v/下唇轻触上齿，气流由唇齿间的缝隙中泄出，摩擦成音： /f/是清辅音，/v/是浊辅音。

  4. Words practice • /f/ • fan / feel / fail /safe /café / refuse / fault / fast / funny / comfortable • /v/ • view / valley/ vows / very /vase / five / love / living / lovely / have

  5. 舌位图/θ/ & /ð/舌尖轻触上齿背，气流从舌齿间的窄缝中泄出，摩擦成音。 /Θ/ 是清辅音，/ð/是 浊辅音。

  6. words • /θ/ thumb / thread / birth / author /death / • /ð/ that / mother / father / those / these

  7. Additional information • Voiceless fricative / θ / as in “thin and voiced fricative / ð / as in “the do not occur in Chinese. Learners tend to substitute voiceless /t/ or /s/ for voiceless / θ /, so that “thin” sounds like “tin” or “sin”, and “them” sounds like “dem” or “zem”.

  8. 舌位图/s/ & /z/舌端抬起靠近上齿龈；气流由舌端和齿龈间泄出，摩擦成音， /s/ 是清辅音，/z/是浊辅音。

  9. Words • /s/ • sit/ stand/ rice / juice / song / stage / see / glass / city / artist / • /z/ • zoo/ zip / zink / rise / dies / dozen / lazy/ always/ prize / cousin /

  10. 舌位图/ʃ/ & / ʒ/舌尖和舌端向上齿龈后部抬起，舌身靠近硬腭，形成一条狭窄的通道，气流由此泄出口腔，摩擦成音；双唇稍向前突出，略成方形； /ʃ/ 是清辅音，/ʒ/是浊辅音。

  11. Words • /ʃ/ • special / washing/ machine / fisher / sharp / • /ʒ/ • leisure / treasure / usual /invasion / measure

  12. Phrases & Sentences • /ʃ/ • national treasures shoulder to shoulder a special occasion shorts and shirts fashionable shoes wash the sheep • /ʒ/ • a shocking decision precious treasures harsh measures with pleasure • an unusual decision measure for measure

  13. Additional information • In Chinese, words do not end with / ʃ / or / ʒ /. Learners may delete these consonants when they apear in final position or may add a vowel sound. For example, the word “rush” may be pronounced “ru” or “rush-i”.

  14. 舌位图/h/ 口张开，气流不受阻碍，自由溢出口腔；在通过声门时产生轻微摩擦， /h/是清辅音。

  15. words • /h/ he / his / head / hope / hot /

  16. Summary and after-class assignments • 1. 复习摩擦音的发音技巧和特点 • 2.　完成课后练习

  17. Affricates破擦音 : /t∫/ /dЗ//ts/, /dz//tr/, /dr/

  18. How to Pronounce • /ʧ//ʤ/: 舌尖和舌端抬起，贴住上齿龈后 • 部，形成阻碍；双唇稍向前突出，形成 • 方形；气流冲破这个阻碍后通过舌和齿 • 龈间的窄缝，摩擦成音； /ʧ/是清辅音， • /ʤ/是浊辅音。 Practice: much chair match teach catch bridge enjoy jump

  19. /ts//dz/: 舌尖抵住上齿龈，形成阻碍；舌尖略下降，气流泄出口腔； /ts/是清辅音，/dz/是浊辅音。 • Practice: cats wants puts seats cards hands fields roads

  20. /tr//dr/: 舌尖抵住上齿龈后部，形成阻碍；舌身取发/r/的姿势；气流冲破阻碍发出短促的/t/或/d/后立即发/r/； /tr/是清辅音，/dr/是浊辅音。 • Practice: train travel trouble drive drink dream

  21. 破擦音 (Affricate consonants) / t∫/, / dӡ/;/ts/, / dz /; / tr /, / dr / / t∫/ 与 / dӡ/ 是一对舌面齿槽音。/ t∫/ 是/ t / 和 /∫/ 的结合。/ t∫/ 的发音位置 与 /∫/ 的一样, 只是发音方法不一样。发 / t∫/ 音时, 舌端先顶在齿槽后部, 不留隙 缝, 然后渐渐放开, 使成一隙缝, 气流缓 缓冲出。由于发 / t∫/ 音时既有 / t / 的 爆破, 又有 /∫/ 的摩擦, 所以叫做破擦音。 / dӡ/ 的发音位置和方法与 / t∫/ 的完全一 样，只不过/ t∫/ 是个清辅音，/ dӡ/是个 浊辅音。

  22. / ts / 与 / dz / 是一对齿槽音。 发 / ts / 音时，舌端先抵上齿槽，除阻时 形成 / s / 的隙缝, 让气流通过舌端和上 齿槽间的隙缝发出破擦音。/dz /的发音 位置和方法与 / ts /的完全一样, 只不过 / ts / 是个清辅音, 而/ dz/是个浊辅音。 / z / 与 / dz / 的区别在于：发 / z / 音时不要用舌端阻塞气流的通过,而发 / dz/ 音时舌端要抵住齿槽, 让气流从上 下门齿的齿缝中泄出, 类似汉语的“资” 音。

  23. / tr / 与 / dr / 是一对齿槽后部音。 发这两个音时, 舌端要向上齿槽后部 硬颚前部往上卷得较圆, 舌身凹下, 让 气流冲出而发出破擦音。 / tr / 是个清辅音, / dr/ 是个浊辅音。 这两个音与汉语拼音字母 ( ch ) 和 ( zh ) 相似，最大的区别在于： 发 ( ch ) 和 ( zh ) 音时双唇平放, 而发 / tr / 与 / dr / 时双唇则必须向前突出。

  24. 1.fine 2. fast 3. leaf 4. rifle 5. thirst 6. free 7. theme 8. mouse 9. they 10. wordy 11. loose 12. laser 13. glacier 14. assure 15. chew 16. cash 17. joke 18. badges 19. watched 20. share

  25. After-class assignments: 1. 复习破擦音的发音技巧与特点 2. 完成课后习题

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