Chapter 16: Population and Urbanization

1. Chapter 16: Population and Urbanization

2. Objectives (slide 1 of 2) 16.1 Sociological Study of Population: Demography • Explain how demographers use the balancing equation to predict population change from births, deaths, and net migration. • Discuss the use of population pyramids to examine population structures. 16.2 Theories and Perspectives on Population Growth • Compare and contrast theories and perspectives of population growth. 16.3 Urbanization: The Growth of Cities • Analyze the processes that shape the growth of cities. • Illustrate theories of urban growth. • Describe general trends in urbanization.

3. Objectives (slide 1 of 2) 16.4 Urbanism and City Life • Discuss sociological theories of the role of community. 16.5 The Future: Population, Cities, and Environment • Examine the role of new technology in population distribution. • Discuss how social life is changing in rural areas. • Analyze how population increases and increased consumption affect the environment.

4. Demography • Demography: The scientific study of human populations • Population: The people who inhabit a country or geographic region • Census: A survey of the entire population of a country or region counting the number of people and their characteristics • Census undercount: The number of people missed in a census; includes illegal immigrants, the homeless, and vagrants, as well as people who, for some reason, did not want to be counted

5. Population Changes • Balancing equation (sometimes called the basic demographic equation): A simple equation that expresses population growth as a function of four factors Population(t2) = Population(t1) + Births – Deaths + Net Migration • Net migration: The number of people moving into the geographic area minus the number of people leaving the area • Natural rate of increase: The rate of increase in a population due to births and deaths

6. Population Changes • Doubling time: The number of years it would take for the population to double in size if it were to continue to grow at its current rate

7. Fertility • Fecundity: The maximum possible number of children a woman can have during her lifetime • Fertility rate: The average number of children born per woman over her lifetime • Replacement-level fertility: The average number of births per woman required to replace the population • Total birth rate: The average number of live births per year per thousand women in the population • Crude birth rate: The average number of live births per year per thousand people in the population

8. The US Postwar Baby Boom • Baby boom: A period of time in which the birth rate was elevated for several years

9. Global Birth Rates • Birth rates vary dramatically from country to country.

10. Mortality Mortality:The incidence of death in a population • Crude death rate: The number of deaths per year for every thousand people in a population • Life expectancy: The average number of years people are expected to live

11. Migration (slide 1 of 2) • Migration: The movement of people from one geographic area to another • Immigration: People moving into a geographic area • Emigration: People moving out of a geographic area • Net migration rate: The rate of increase in a population due to net migration

12. Migration (slide 2 of 2) • Internal migration: Migration from one place to another within a larger geographic area

13. Population Structure • Population pyramid: A graph displaying the age and sex distribution for a population • Age cohort: A subpopulation of people all born within a narrow age range

14. Malthusian Perspective • Malthus argued that population increases exponentially while food supply increases linearly, creating starvation and disorder.

15. Marxist Perspective • Marx argued that there were sufficient resources to sustain the world population but that those resources were distributed inequitably.

16. Demographic Transition Theory(slide 1 of 2) • Demographic transition: The shift that occurs when countries change from high birthrates and death rates to low birthrates and death rates

17. Demographic Transition Theory(slide 2 of 2) • Zero population growth (ZPG): A state in which the population size is expected to change little or none over time

18. Current Analysis of Population Growth • Countries in phase II are experiencing rapid population growth. • Countries in phase III face stable or declining populations.

19. The Link Between Demography and Urbanization • Urbanization: The large-scale movement of people from less populated areas to more populated areas

20. A Brief History of Cities • Cities were not possible until the advent of food surpluses.

21. Models of Urban Growth • Human ecology: The study of people and their environment • Three well-known theories of urban growth are: • Concentric zone theory • Multiple nuclei theory • Sector theory

22. Ecological Succession (slide 1 of 3) • Ecological succession: A new social group or type of land use first “invade” a territory and then becomes the dominant social group or dominant land use for that territory • Invasion: The intrusion of one group or activity into an area occupied by another • Succession: The replacement of activities or people by others • Gated communities: Communities that build walls or other barriers around a neighborhood and erect gates on streets entering the neighborhood, restricting traffic to local residents

23. Ecological Succession (slide 2 of 3) Urban Decline Urban Renewal Urban renewal: Includes efforts to improve the urban environment intended to reduce crime, attract more affluent residents, or improve the tax base by attracting new business or industry • Urban decline: Ecological succession in an urban environment that results in increased crime, flight of affluent residents, or an exodus of businesses • Infrastructure: The roads, bridges, subways, storm water and sewer systems, communications lines, power lines, and other physical structures necessary for the continued operation of industrialized societies

24. Ecological Succession (slide 1 of 2) Gentrification Residential Segregation Residential segregation: The separation of categories of people into different geographic areas of residence • Gentrification: The resettlement of a low-income inner-city neighborhood by affluent residents and businesses, often forcing out the low-income residents who once lived there

25. Decentralization: Suburbs, Exurbs, and Edge Cities • Metropolitan statistical area: A densely populated area consisting of a county containing a core urban area (specifically, a city with a population of 50,000 or more) as well as adjacent counties having a high degree of social and economic integration • Micropolitan statistical area: Centers of population with smaller population cores with populations of 10,000 or more but less than 50,000 • Megalopolis: A densely populated area containing two or more metropolitan areas that have grown until they overlap one another

26. Central Cities and Suburbs Central Cities The Suburbs Suburb: Any territory in a metropolitan area not included in the central city • Central cities: The original cities in metropolitan areas, often surrounded by suburbs

27. Exurbs and Edge Cities The Exurbs Edge Cities Edge cities: Less compact than older cities, have no clear center, and tend to grow up near major transportation routes • Exurbs: The area beyond the old suburbs, forming a second ring farther out from the central city

28. Ferdinand Tönnies: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft • Community:A collection of people who share a common geographic territory, most of the daily interactions of members take place within the territory, and members have a sense of belonging • Gemeinschaft: Describesthe relationships among people in small, close-knit rural communities where social cohesion is achieved by strong personal bonds uniting members based on primary relationships, shared life experiences, and a shared culture • Gesellschaft:Describestherelationships found in large and impersonal communities where many members do not know one another personally and cohesion is based on a complex division of labor and secondary relationships, where individuals have little identification with the group and little commitment to shared values

29. Emile Durkheim: Mechanical and Organic Solidarity • Mechanical solidarity: People are held together by shared moral sentiments and tradition • Division of labor: The allocation of different roles to different social statuses • Organic solidarity: People are mutually dependent on one another due to a complex division of labor, and most relationships are neither intimate nor personal

30. Georg Simmel: The Blasé Urbanite • Urban overload: People are exposed to more stimuli than they can respond to each day • Norm of noninvolvement: Expectation that people will not become involved in the affairs of others to help preserve their privacy; typical of urban settings • Studied nonobservance: Polite behavior in which someone strives to appear not to notice someone else, often employed in an attempt to help the other person save face

31. Louis Wirth: Anonymity and Self-Interest • Wirth argues that cities undermine kinship and a sense of neighborhood, which are the bases of social control. This results in: • Anonymity • Interacting out of self-interest • Indifference • Heterogeneity • Alienation/loneliness

32. Robert Park: Urban Villages • Urban villages: Areas of a city that people know well and in which they live, play, shop, and work

33. Herbert Gans: Diversity of Urban Dwellers • Cosmopolites:Well-educated, high-income people who choose to live in the city to take advantage of its convenience and cultural resources • Singles:One of the types of urban dwellers; young, unmarried people who live in the city by choice for its convenience and to meet people, seek jobs, and enjoy entertainment • Ethnic villagers: People living in tight-knit inner-city neighborhoods united by race and social class and resembling small towns • The deprived: Include the very poor, emotionally disturbed, handicapped individuals living at the bottom of society • The trapped: People who cannot afford to leave the city who may identify with their neighborhood but dislike the city and what is has become

34. Communities without Walls • Technology is transforming our notion of community as a geographic location.

35. Rural Life • Rural areas: Communities having fewer than 2,500 residents along with areas in open country outside of any city

36. Aging in Place • Aging in place:Pattern typical of many rural areas where the young adults leave for jobs and educational opportunities in more urban areas, leaving a region with more older adults

37. Ecological Limits to Population and Urbanization (slide 1 of 2) • Sustainable development: Constrained economic growth that recycles instead of depletes natural resources while protecting air, water, land, and biodiversity

38. Ecological Limits to Population and Urbanization (slide 2 of 2) • 20% of the world’s people account for 86% of all total private consumption expenditures globally. • Human Development Index (HDI): A simple composite measure including health, schooling, and income