Dr. David Galbreath Lecturer in Politics and International Relations d.galbreath@abdn.ac.uk Office: F36 Edward Wright Bu

1. Dr. David Galbreath Lecturer in Politics and International Relations d.galbreath@abdn.ac.uk Office: F36 Edward Wright Building Hours: Tuesday: 10-12

2. The European Union and Enlargement PI 2003 International Organisations in Europe – Week 9

3. Previous Enlargement • Original members: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. • 1973 Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom • 1981 Greece • 1986 Portugal and Spain • 1995 Austria, Finland and Sweden • 2004 10 new members

5. EU Enlargement • Political • Economic • Social

6. EU Enlargement: Questions • Why did the EU expand? • How did the EU expand? • What were the political implications of expansion? • How did EU change to prepare for 15 new members? • What were the political, economic and social requirements of new member-states? • What is the future for EU expansion?

7. Why did the EU expand? • Changes the internal order of the EU; • Allows for greater divisions in the EU; • Forces painful economic and institutional adaptations required of the applicant country; • Encourages anxiety over immigration in the existing member-states.

8. Why did the EU expand? • Three views: • Rationalist approach • Ethical-political approach • Moral approach

9. Why did the EU expand? • Three views and hypotheses: • Rationalist approach • The EU would concentrate only on those states that offered the most gain • Ethical-political approach • The EU would concentrate on those states that had an element of kinship • Moral approach • The EU would concentrate on democratic states outside the community

10. Who supported enlargement? • ‘Drivers’ vs. ‘Brakemen’ • Drivers • those bordering the CEEC’s (except for Italy and Greece) • Brakemen • Recent new states (ex. Spain) • All others (except for Britain)

11. Who supported enlargement? • Drivers: two groups • Limited round focusing on Central Europe (Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Slovenia) • The ‘big bang’ enlargement

12. Who supported enlargement?

13. Who supported enlargement? • Reasons for support • Geographical proximity • Interdependence • Shared borders • Economic gains

14. Member state shares of EU exports to Central and Eastern European countries and EU economic output

15. Who supported enlargement? • Reasons for support • Geographical proximity? • Economic gain? • Influence?

16. EU Enlargement • Institutional Arrangements • Copenhagen Criteria • Acquis Communautaire • Madrid European Council • Agenda 2000

17. EU Enlargement • Copenhagen Criteria • stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities; • the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union; • the ability to take on the obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic & monetary union.

18. EU Enlargement • Acquis Communautaire • Treaty of Amsterdam 1993 • The body of EU law that must be adopted into domestic law • Acquis politigue • Finalité politique

19. EU Enlargement • Madrid European Council • Administration • Judicial Structures

20. EU Enlargement • Agenda 2000 • Amsterdam IGC 1997 and Luxembourg European Council 1998 • Development of EU • Challenges of Enlargement • Accession Process – Regular Reports • Financial framework beyond 2000

21. EU Enlargement • Agenda 2000 (regular reports) • 1998-2003 • Minorities • Adoption of Acquis • No delay for 6 • Relied on other institutions and NGO’s

22. EU Enlargement • The logistics • Should the Commission be re-weighted? • Should voting change in the Council? • How will the new states be represented in Parliament?

23. Political Conditions • Democracy • Transition • Consolidation • European Union and Democratisation

24. Political Conditions • Political Conditionality • ‘This is achieved by specifying conditions or even preconditions for support, involving either promises of material aid or political opportunities.’ • Democratic Conditionality

25. Political Conditions • Democratic Conditionality (three stages) • Pre-negotiations • Actual negotiations • Once membership begins

26. Financial Issues • PHARE • (Poland and Hungary: Aid for Economic Restructuring) • Three aims: • Pre-accession Funds for adoption of the Acquis • Structural Funds • Aimed at Regions and regional institutions

27. Financial Issues • PHARE • Three phases: • Mark I (1989-97) • Mark II (1997-2000) • Mark III (2000-)

28. Financial Issues • Common Agriculture Policy • Reforms at the Copenhagen summit in December 2002 • Direct payments phased-in • Lock-in strategy

29. Financial Issues • The Economic and Monetary Union • Euro is obligation for new states • Although when and how is up to state • No states ready yet (euobserver.com) • Criteria: exchange rates, price stability, interest rates, deficits and the status of central banks

30. What is the future for EU expansion? • Romania and Bulgaria (2007) • Turkey (2010?) • The Balkans (Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Macedonia, Albania)? • Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia? • North Africa?

31. Conclusion • Why did the EU expand? • How did the EU expand? • What were the political implications of expansion? • How did EU change to prepare for 15 new members? • What were the political, economic and social requirements of new member-states? • What is the future for EU expansion?