ENG101A

1. ENG101A Lesson 4 In-text citations

2. Learning objectives • Identifying and producing various forms of in-text citations • Identifying the functions of in-text citations • Synthesizing ideas from multiple sources • Introducing multiple-citations • Identifying styles of in-text citations

3. Identifying various forms of in-text citations

4. What are in-text citations? • Ideas that are drawn (cited) from others’ works (e.g., journal articles, websites, monographs, government publications)

5. Task 1

6. Functions of in-text citations

7. Functions • There needs to be a purpose/function for each idea you cite. • Task 2

8. Task 2 to adopt the idea in one’s project to illustrate a point to adopt the idea as a major point in the writing to show that I have read a lot related literature to show that none of the cited ideas actually addresses the issue I tried to address in my project to show how much I know about the work done in the field to show that I can find some relevancy of the existing work to my research 8

9. Ensuring coherence of citations • Rule of thumb 1: Cite an idea to make a point about its preceding one, e.g., • to prove it • to exemplify it • to elaborate it • to counter-argue

10. Task 3

11. Task 3 Purposes: a) showing concession (stating how others would argue and before showing one’s own view) b) illustrating a point c) explaining the cause of a phenomenon Source 25:b Source 6:b Sources 32 and 53:a 11

12. Ensuring coherence of citations • Rule of thumb 2: Group up citations thematically • Multiple citations: • A shared idea across multiple sources • Different ideas from different sources

13. Thematic grouping • Grouping multiple citations according to their themes / focuses

14. Task 4

15. Task 4 Common theme in paragraph 1 benefits for buying organizations Common theme in paragraph 2 benefits for suppliers 15

16. Ensuring coherence of citations • Rule of thumb 3: Group up citations in increasing order of relevancy • Example • Least relevant method of coding (describing + critiquing) • Less relevant method of coding (describing + critiquing) • Most relevant method of coding (describing + critiquing)

17. Task 5

18. Task 5 d c/e c/e f b g a 18

19. Styles of citations

20. In-text citations • Representing sources of ideas. • But, how? • Task 6

21. Two major styles of citation • Number • Author/year

22. The number style • Each source is represented by a number. • The number is enclosed by a pair of square brackets. • The number represents a particular source (author/s) provided on the list of references.

23. Examples of numbered citations [1], [2] and [3] in Hartley et. al. (2004) refer to the following numbered sources which are found on the list of references provided at the end of the article. References [1] Anonymous, “B2B adoption of online activities continues to expand in selected areas,” Purchasing Today, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 30, 2001. [2] S. Avery, “E-procurement: A wealth of information for buyers,” Purchasing, vol. 129, no. 5, p. 111, 2000. [3] J. Bakos, “A strategic analysis of electronic marketplaces,” MIS Quart., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 295–310, 1991.

24. The author/year style • Each source is represented by • the last name(s) of the author(s). • its year of publication which should match the year number provided for the corresponding source on the list of references.

25. Examples of author/year citations Automatic Vehicle Location Systems (AVLS) that incorporate GPS are more robust and cost-competitive than the purely land-based systems, such as INS or dead reckoning (DR) (Farrell 1998). Experiments performed by Vlcek et al.(1993) show that in urban conditions, GPS can be available less than 50% of total time.

26. Corresponding end-text references • Farrell, J. (1998). The Global Positioning System and Inertial Navigation. New York:McGraw-Hill. • Vlcek, C., McLain, P. and Murphy, M. (1993). GPS/dead reckoning for vehicle tracking in the urban canyon environment. IEEE-IEE Vehicle Navigation & Information Systems Conferences, A34–A41. Vlcek et al. (for the multiple authors in the in-text citation)

27. Direct quotations in the author/year style • We may want to provide the original language of the citation when citing (direct quotation). • Discussed in the lectures on paraphrasing, summarising, quoting. • The page number of a direct quote should be provided as well.

28. Direct quotations in the author/year style One possible reason for the lack of attention to this crucial part of the thesis is captured wittily and quite rightly by the remark of Swales and Feak (2000) in their volume English in Today’s Research World: The LR as part of a research paper, proposal, thesis, or dissertation is often thought of as being a boring but necessary chore. Such LRs are often criticized but are rarely praised. After all, one rarely hears comments such as ‘‘The most brilliant part of your thesis was the literature review’’! (Swales & Feak, 2000, p. 116) Direct Quote Page #

29. Which style to use? • Your department’s suggestion/requirement • Consistency between in-text citations and end-text referencing

30. Task 7

31. Task 7 Several large companies report purchase price descreases of 10% of more through e-auctions (Brunelli, 2000; Hannon, 2001b; Moozakis, 2001). 31

32. Integral (author-prominent) vs. non-integral (information-prominent) citations

33. Task 8

34. Task 8 Group 1 names/sources all appearing in parentheses/square brackets Group 2 Names form one grammatical unit of the sentences, e.g., the subject, etc. 34

35. Non-integral citations • The source does not form any grammatical unit of the sentence. • The author and the year of publication (for the author/year style) or the number (for the number style) of a source is placed where the idea ends.

36. Examples: Ideas ending in the middle of a sentence • The current pattern recognition literature attempts feature selection through varied means, such as statistical(e.g., Kerber et aI., 1995), geometrical (e.g., Elomaa and Ukkonen, 1994), information- theoretic measures(e.g., Battiti, 1994), mathematical programming(e.g., Bradley et aI., 1998), among others. • Although some experts warn that e-auctions emphasis price too much[32], [53], there is no doubt that in many cases significant price reductions can be obtained.

37. Examples: Idea ending at the end of a sentence • High accuracy DGPS makes it possible to determine the position of a moving vehicle within a nominal vehicle operation regime to under 10 cm (Neumann et al., 1996). • For example, GE reduced the price paid for goods and services by $480 million on $6.4 billion in total purchases sourced using e-auctions [25]. Placed before the full stop

38. Integral citations The author (for the author/year style) or the number (for the number style) of a source forms one grammatical part of the sentence which cites the ideas. The grammatical part can be the subject or an adjunct of the sentence.

39. Examples of integral citations • Malki and Moghaddamioo (1991) apply the KL transform… The authors generate … • Ellram [20] cautioned that… • Yang and Honavar (1997) report a similar study. However, later Hopkins et al. (1994) shows that… • In Siedlecki and Skhinsky (1989), the researchers use genetic algorithms for … • Experiments performed by Vlcek et al. (1993) show that…

40. Placing the year or the source numbers • Forthe Author/year style, the year of publication is indicated within a pair of parentheses immediately after the author, • e.g., Yang and Honavar (1997)… • For the Number style, the source number of a citation is placed in a pair of square brackets [parentheses in some journals] immediately after the author’s name, • e.g., Ellram [20]…

41. Tasks 9 & 10

42. Task 9 N/Ni A/I N/I A/I, then A/Ni 42

43. Task 10 Although not all suppliers are strategically important [36], it has been cautioned that even with nonessential suppliers competitive relationships may not be effective [30]. 43

44. When to cite non-integrally? • Non-integral (information-prominent) citationsARE PARTICULARLY NEEDED when you want to: • emphasize the information but not the cited authors; • cite information which can be found in more than one source, e.g., In most deserts of the world, transitions between topographic elements are abrupt (Smith, 1968; Johnson 1978; van Dijk, 1986).

45. Ordering authors in non-integral citations (Author/Year) • Alphabetical, e.g., In most deserts of the world, transitions between topographic elements are abrupt (Johnson, 1978; Smith, 1968; van Dijk, 1986). • Chronological, e.g., In most deserts of the world, transitions between topographic elements are abrupt (Smith, 1968; Johnson 1978; van Dijk, 1986).

46. Ascending order for the Number style • Ascending order of the citation numbers, e.g., When this study was initiated the existing publications on e-auctions consisted of descriptions of the practices of large companies reported in the practitioner literature (e.g. [25], [53]–[55]).

47. When to cite integrally? • Integral (i.e., source or author prominent) citationsCAN be used if: • the cited authors are prominent figures in the field • the cited source is influential in the area of research • you are citing (using) the exact language from a source (giving a direct citation) • you are citing extensively from a particular source of the cited author (e.g., several sentences or a paragraph) • the cited source is crucial to your paper

48. Syntactical options for and citation verbs in integral citations

49. Syntactical options • The specific parts of a sentence where the name of a source can be cited, e.g., • X argues that… (Subject position) • Task 11

50. Task 11 Positions: Adjunct position B Pre-/post-object position C Subject position A 50