REKAYASA BIOLOGIS SUMBERDAYA HAYATI

1. KETAHANAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM DAN PANGAN smno.psdl.ppsub REKAYASA BIOLOGIS SUMBERDAYA HAYATI

2. MODIFIKASI GENETIK PANGAN • Manipulating and engineering genetic material in the lab may represent the best hope for increasing agricultural production further without destroying more natural lands. • But many people remain uneasy about genetically engineering crop plants and other organisms. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012 Genetically modified foods (GM foods, or biotech foods) are foods derived from genetically modified organisms (GMOs), specifically, genetically modified crops. GMOs have had specific changes introduced into their DNA by genetic engineering techniques. These techniques are much more precise than mutagenesis (mutation breeding) where an organism is exposed to radiation or chemicals to create a non-specific but stable change. Other techniques by which humans modify food organisms include selective breeding; plant breeding, and animal breeding, and somaclonal variation. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food…… 22/12/2012

3. REKAYASA GENETIK MENGGUNAKAN DNA - REKOMBINAN • Genetic engineering(GE) = directly manipulating an organism’s genetic material in the lab by adding, deleting, or changing segments of its DNA • Genetically modified (GM) organisms = genetically engineered using recombinant DNA technology • Recombinant DNA = DNA patched together from DNA of multiple organisms (e.g., adding disease-resistance genes from one plant to the genes of another) Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012 What is transgenic food? Transgenic food are those directly made from or processed from the species (animals, plants and microorganisms, etc.) which can produce substances possessing highly effective expressions, such as polypeptide and protein, after one or several types of exogenous genes are transferred into it through the means of genetic engineering. The first category----transgenic plant food productThere are various kinds of transgenic plant foods, such as high protein wheat used to bake breads. To reverse the situation that wheat in the current market contains low rate of protein, protein genes possessing highly effective expressions are transferred into wheat, so that bread made from the wheat can be of more nutritious value. Diunduhdari: http://www.nobelkepu.org.cn/english/life/136898.shtml …… 22/12/2012

4. TRANSGENE & BIOTEKNOLOGI • Genes moved between organisms are transgenes, and the organisms are transgenic. • These efforts are one type of biotechnology, the material application of biological science to create products derived from organisms. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012 Transgenosis technology is a kind of modern technology in molecular biology, which is used to transfer genes from one species into another so as to reconstruct the genetic materials of the receiving species for the improvement of its properties, quality of nutrition in line with the need of human beings. The transgenic species as immediate food and food processed from transgenic species are called transgenic food. Diunduhdari: http://www.nobelkepu.org.cn/english/life/136898.shtml…… 22/12/2012

5. REKAYASA GENETIK vs. PEMULIAAN TRADISIONAL • They are similar: • We have been altering crop genes (by artificial selection) for thousands of years. • There is no fundamental difference: both approaches modify organisms genetically. • They are different: • GE can mix genes of very different species. • GE is in vitro lab work, not with whole organisms. • GE uses novel gene combinations that didn’t come together on their own. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

6. Some GM foods Golden rice: Enriched with vitamin A. But too much hype? FlavrSavr tomato: Better taste? But pulled from market. Ice-minus strawberries: Frost-resistant bacteria sprayed on. Images alarmed public. Bt crops: Widely used on U.S. crops. But ecological concerns? Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

7. Some GM foods Bt sunflowers: Insect resistant. But could hybridize with wild relatives to create “superweeds”? StarLink corn: Bt corn variety. Genes spread to non-GM corn; pulled from market. Roundup-Ready crops: Resistant to Monsanto’s herbicide. But encourages more herbicide use? Terminator seeds: Plants kill their own seeds. Farmers forced to buy seeds each year. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

8. PREVALENSI PANGAN TRANSGENIK • Although many early GM crops ran into bad publicity or other problems, biotechnology is already transforming the U.S. food supply. • Two-thirds of U.S. soybeans, corn, and cotton are now genetically modified strains. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012 Health concerns and potential food hazards Health risks associated with genetically modified foods are concerned with toxins, allergens, or genetic hazards. The mechanisms of food hazards fall into three main categories (Conner et al., 1999): Inserted genes and their expression products Secondary and pleiotropic effects of gene expression Insertional mutagenesis resulting from gene integration For example, bean plants that were genetically modified to increase cysteine and methionine content were discarded after the discovery that the expressed protein of the transgene was highly allergenic. (Butler et al., 1999) Diunduhdari: http://www.nyu.edu/classes/jaeger/genetically_modified_foods.htm…… 22/12/2012

9. ORGANISME TRANSGENIK • Are there health risks for people? • Can transgenes escape into wild plants, pollute ecosystems, harm organisms? • Can pests evolve resistance to GM crops just as they can to pesticides? • Can transgenes jump from crops to weeds and make them into “superweeds”? • Can transgenes get into traditional native crop races and ruin their integrity? Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012 The potential risks accompanied by disease resistant plants deal mostly with viral resistance. It is possible that viral resistance can lead to the formation of new viruses, and therefore new diseases. It has been reported that naturally occurring viruses can recombine with viral fragments that are introduced to create transgenic plants, forming new viruses. Additionally, there can be many variations of this newly formed virus. (Steinbrecher, 1996) Diunduhdari: http://www.nyu.edu/classes/jaeger/genetically_modified_foods.htm…… 22/12/2012

10. ORGANISME TRANSGENIK • These questions are not fully answered yet. • In the meantime… Or should we adopt the precautionary principle, the idea that one should take no new action until its ramifications are understood? Should we not worry, because so many U.S. crops are already GM and little drastic harm is apparent? Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

11. PRODUK-PRODUK TRANSGENIK • Should scientists and corporations be “tinkering with” our food supply? • Are biotech corporations testing their products adequately, and is outside oversight adequate? • Should large multinational corporations exercise power over global agriculture and small farmers? Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012 RISKS AND CONTROVERSY With all this new technology comes question and fear. What are the risks of "tampering with Mother Nature"? What effects will this have on the environment? Are there health concerns consumers should be aware of? Is recombinant technology really beneficial? The following section will address some major concerns about the risks involved with genetically modified foods and recombinant technology, touching up environmental risks as well as health risks. Diunduhdari: http://www.nyu.edu/classes/jaeger/genetically_modified_foods.htm …… 20/12/2012

12. Trade-Offs Genetically Modified Food and Crops Projected Advantages Projected Disadvantages Need less fertilizer Need less water More resistant to insects, plant disease, frost, and drought Faster growth Can grow in slightly salty soils Less spoilage Better flavor Less use of conventional pesticides Tolerate higher levels of pesticide use Higher yields Irreversible and unpredictable genetic and ecological effects Harmful toxins in food From possible plant cell Mutations New allergens in food Lower nutrition Increased evolution of Pesticide-resistant Insects and plant disease Creation of herbicide- Resistant weeds Harm beneficial insects Lower genetic diversity Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

13. Viewpoints: Genetically modified foods IndraVasil Ignacio Chapela “We should expect fundamental alterations in ecosystems with the release of transgenic crops… We are experiencing a global experiment without controls.” “Biotech crops are already helping to conserve valuable natural resources, reduce the use of harmful agro-chemicals, produce more nutritious foods, and promote economic development.” Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

14. MELESTARIKAN KEANEKA-RAGAMAN TANAMAN • Native cultivars of crops are important to preserve, in case we need their genes to overcome future pests or pathogens. • Diversity of cultivars has been rapidly disappearing from all crops throughout the world. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012 Crop diversity is the variance in genetic and phenotypic characteristics of plants used in agriculture. Crops may vary in seed size, branching pattern, in height, flower color, fruiting time, or flavor. They may also vary in less obvious characteristics such as their response to heat, cold or drought, or their ability to resist specific diseases and pests. It is possible to discover variation in almost every conceivable trait, including nutritional qualities, preparation and cooking techniques, and of course how a crop tastes. And if a trait cannot be found in the crop itself, it can often be found in a wild relative of the crop; a plant that has similar species that have not been farmed or used in agriculture, but exist in the wild. Diunduhdari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_diversity …… 22/12/2012

15. Seed banks preserve seeds, crop varieties • Seed banks are living museums of crop diversity, saving collections of seeds and growing them into plants every few years to renew the collection. • Careful hand pollination helps ensure plants of one type do not interbreed with plants of another. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

16. Animal agriculture: Livestock and poultry • Consumption of meat has risen faster than population over the past several decades. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

17. PERTANIAN-TERNAK DAMPAK LINGKUNGANNYA • Increased meat consumption has led to animals being raised in feedlots (factory farms), huge pens that deliver energy-rich food to animals housed at extremely high densities. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

18. PERTANIAN-TERNAK DAMPAK LINGKUNGANNYA • Immense amount of waste produced, polluting air and water nearby • Intense usage of chemicals (antibiotics, steroids, hormones), some of which persist in environment • However, if all these animals were grazing on rangeland, how much more natural land would be converted for agriculture? Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012 Diunduhdari: http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/agriculture/about-agriculture/newsletters-and-updates/newsletters/milking-the-weather/june/seasonal-preparation ……..…… 22/12/2012

19. PILIHAN PANGAN = PILIHAN ENERGI • Energy is lost at each trophic level. • When we eat meat from a cow fed on grain, most of the grain’s energy has already been spent on the cow’s metabolism. • Eating meat is therefore very energy inefficient. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012 The FOOD PYRAMID is a nutrition guide that is shaped like a pyramid. It is separated in parts, with each segment depicting the suggested intake of a particular food group. Diunduhdari: http://www.the-food-pyramid.com/healthy-diet/food-pyramid/ …..…… 22/12/2012

20. Grain feed input for animal output • Some animal food products can be produced with less input of grain feed than others. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

21. LAHAN DAN AIR UNTUK TERNAK • Some animal food products can be produced with less input of land and water than others. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

22. AQUACULTURE • The raising of aquatic organisms for food in controlled environments • Provides 1/3 of world’s fish for consumption • 220 species being farmed • The fastest growing type of food production Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012 Aquaculture The cultivation of aquatic organisms. Some of the most common organisms that are cultivated are salmon, trout, oysters, and clams. Diunduhdari: http://intecsciwri.wikidot.com/aquaculture …… 22/12/2012

23. AQUACULTURE • Fish make up half of aquacultural production. Molluscs and plants each make up nearly 1/4. • Global aquaculture has been doubling about every 7 years. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

24. MANFAAT AKUAKULUR • Provides reliable protein source for people, increases food security • Can be small-scale, local, and sustainable • Reduces fishing pressure on wild stocks, and eliminates bycatch • Uses fewer fossil fuels than fishing • Can be very energy efficient Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012 BudidayaIkanLelediGemolongSragen Lelemerupakanjenisikan yang digemarimasyarakat, dengan rasa yang lezat, dagingempuk, duriteraturdandapatdisajikandalamberbagaimacam menu masakan. PT. NATURAL NUSANTARA denganprinsip K-3 (Kuantitas, KualitasdanKesehatan) membantupetanileledenganpaketprodukdanteknologi. Diunduhdari: http://merubahmimpi.blogspot.com/2011/01/budidaya-ikan-lele-di-gemolong-sragen.html …… 20/12/2012

25. DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN AKIBAT AKUAKULTUR • Density of animals leads to disease, antibiotic use, risks to food security. • It can generate large amounts of waste. • Often animals are fed grain, which is not energy efficient. • Sometimes animals are fed fish meal from wild-caught fish. • Farmed animals may escape into the wild and interbreed with, compete with, or spread disease to wild animals. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012 Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector in the World with annual growth in excess of 10 percent over the last two decades. Much of this development has occurred in Asia, which also has the greatest variety of cultured species and systems. Asia is also perceived as the ‘home’ of aquaculture, as aquaculture has a long history in several areas of the region and knowledge of traditional systems is most widespread. Diunduhdari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5098e/y5098e02.htm …… 22/12/2012

26. DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN AKUAKULTUR • Transgenic salmon (top) can compete with or spread disease to wild salmon (bottom) when they escape from fish farms. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

27. Trade-Offs Aquaculture Advantages Disadvantages Highly efficient High yield in small volume of water Increased yields through cross- breeding and genetic engineering Can reduce over- harvesting of conventional fisheries Little use of fuel Profit not tied to price of oil High profits Large inputs of land, feed, And water needed Produces large and concentrated outputs of waste Destroys mangrove forests Increased grain production needed to feed some species Fish can be killed by pesticide runoff from nearby cropland Dense populations vulnerable to disease Tanks too contaminated to use after about 5 years Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

28. Solutions More Sustainable Aquaculture • Reduce use of fishmeal as a feed to reduce depletion of other fish • Improve pollution management of aquaculture wastes • Reduce escape of aquaculture species into the wild • Restrict location of fish farms to reduce loss of mangrove forests and other threatened areas • Farm some aquaculture species (such as salmon and cobia) in deeply submerged cages to protect them from wave action and predators and allow dilution of wastes into the ocean • Set up a system for certifying sustainable forms of aquaculture Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

29. PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN • Agriculture that can practiced the same way far into the future • Does not deplete soils faster than they form • Does not reduce healthy soil, clean water, and genetic diversity essential for long-term crop and livestock productionLow-input agriculture = small amounts of pesticides, fertilizers, water, growth hormones, fossil fuel energy, etc. • Organic agriculture = no synthetic chemicals used. Instead, biocontrol, composting, etc. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012 Components of a Sustainable Soil Management System Diunduhdari: http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=&type_id=4&id=20110808172707&print=1 …… 23/12/2012

30. PERTANIANORGANIK • Small percent of market, but is growing fast • 1% of U.S. market, but growing 20%/yr • 3–5% of European market, but growing 30%/yr • Organic produce: • Advantages for consumers: healthier; environmentally better • Disadvantages for consumers: less uniform and appealing-looking; more expensive Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012 Principles in Organic Farming Diunduhdari: http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_principles.html …… 23/12/2012

31. PERTANIANORGANIK PRINSIP KESEHATAN Organic Agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible. This principle points out that the health of individuals and communities cannot be separated from the health of ecosystems - healthy soils produce healthy crops that foster the health of animals and people. Health is the wholeness and integrity of living systems. It is not simply the absence of illness, but the maintenance of physical, mental, social and ecological well-being. Immunity, resilience and regeneration are key characteristics of health. The role of organic agriculture, whether in farming, processing, distribution, or consumption, is to sustain and enhance the health of ecosystems and organisms from the smallest in the soil to human beings. In particular, organic agriculture is intended to produce high quality, nutritious food that contributes to preventive health care and well-being. In view of this it should avoid the use of fertilizers, pesticides, animal drugs and food additives that may have adverse health effects. Diunduhdari: http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_principles.html …… 23/12/2012

32. PERTANIANORGANIK PRINSIP EKOLOGI Organic Agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them. This principle roots organic agriculture within living ecological systems. It states that production is to be based on ecological processes, and recycling. Nourishment and well-being are achieved through the ecology of the specific production environment. For example, in the case of crops this is the living soil; for animals it is the farm ecosystem; for fish and marine organisms, the aquatic environment. Organic farming, pastoral and wild harvest systems should fit the cycles and ecological balances in nature. These cycles are universal but their operation is site-specific. Organic management must be adapted to local conditions, ecology, culture and scale. Inputs should be reduced by reuse, recycling and efficient management of materials and energy in order to maintain and improve environmental quality and conserve resources. Organic agriculture should attain ecological balance through the design of farming systems, establishment of habitats and maintenance of genetic and agricultural diversity. Those who produce, process, trade, or consume organic products should protect and benefit the common environment including landscapes, climate, habitats, biodiversity, air and water. Diunduhdari: http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_principles.html …… 23/12/2012

33. PERTANIANORGANIK PRINSIP KEADILAN Organic Agriculture should build on relationships that ensure fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities. Fairness is characterized by equity, respect, justice and stewardship of the shared world, both among people and in their relations to other living beings. This principle emphasizes that those involved in organic agriculture should conduct human relationships in a manner that ensures fairness at all levels and to all parties - farmers, workers, processors, distributors, traders and consumers. Organic agriculture should provide everyone involved with a good quality of life, and contribute to food sovereignty and reduction of poverty. It aims to produce a sufficient supply of good quality food and other products. This principle insists that animals should be provided with the conditions and opportunities of life that accord with their physiology, natural behavior and well-being. Natural and environmental resources that are used for production and consumption should be managed in a way that is socially and ecologically just and should be held in trust for future generations. Fairness requires systems of production, distribution and trade that are open and equitable and account for real environmental and social costs. Diunduhdari: http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_principles.html …… 23/12/2012

34. PERTANIANORGANIK PRINCIPLE OF CARE Organic Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations and the environment. Organic agriculture is a living and dynamic system that responds to internal and external demands and conditions. Practitioners of organic agriculture can enhance efficiency and increase productivity, but this should not be at the risk of jeopardizing health and well-being. Consequently, new technologies need to be assessed and existing methods reviewed. Given the incomplete understanding of ecosystems and agriculture, care must be taken. This principle states that precaution and responsibility are the key concerns in management, development and technology choices in organic agriculture. Science is necessary to ensure that organic agriculture is healthy, safe and ecologically sound. However, scientific knowledge alone is not sufficient. Practical experience, accumulated wisdom and traditional and indigenous knowledge offer valid solutions, tested by time. Organic agriculture should prevent significant risks by adopting appropriate technologies and rejecting unpredictable ones, such as genetic engineering. Decisions should reflect the values and needs of all who might be affected, through transparent and participatory processes. Diunduhdari: http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_principles.html …… 23/12/2012

35. TANTANGAN PERTANIAN MASA DEPAN • Chemical pesticides pollute, and kill pollinators, and pests evolve resistance. • GM crops show promise for social and environmental benefits, but questions linger about their impacts. • Much of the world’s crop diversity has vanished. • Feedlot agriculture and aquaculture pose benefits and harm for the environment and human health. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012 Pesticide Action Network (PAN) is a global network working to eliminate the human and environmental harm caused by pesticides and to promote biodiversity based ecological agriculture. We are dedicated to protect the safety and health of people, and the environment from pesticide use and genetic engineering. Diunduhdari: http://www.thefutureoffarming.org/home.html …… 23/12/2012

36. TANTANGAN PERTANIAN MASA DEPAN • Organic farming remains a small portion of agriculture. • Human population continues to grow, requiring more food production. • Soil erosion is a problem worldwide. • Salinization, waterlogging, and other soil degradation problems are leading to desertification. • Grazing and logging, as well as cropland agriculture, contribute to soil degradation. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012 SUSTAINABLE CROP MANAGEMENT One of the most significant challenges facing Mankind is the adequate provision of food from sustainable and profitable production systems within a context of high energy costs. Diunduhdari: http://www.adas.co.uk/Home/Sustainablecropmanagement/tabid/245/Default.aspx …… 23/12/2012

37. TANTANGAN PERTANIAN MASA DEPAN • Biocontrol and IPM offer alternatives to pesticides. • Further research and experience with GM crops may eventually resolve questions about impacts, and allow us to maximize benefits while minimizing harm. • More funding for seed banks can rebuild crop diversity. • Ways are being developed to make feedlot agriculture and aquaculture safer and cleaner. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

38. SOLUSI PERTANIAN MASA DEPAN • Organic farming is popular and growing fast. • Green revolution advances have kept up with food demand so far. Improved distribution and slowed population growth would help further. • Farming strategies like no-till farming, contour farming, terracing, etc., help control erosion. • Government laws, and government extension agents working with farmers, have helped improve farming practices and control soil degradation. • Better grazing and logging practices exist that have far less impact on soils. Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012 An Assets-Based Model for Sustainability Agricultural systems at all levels rely for their success on the value of services flowing from the total stock of assets that they control. Five types of capital, natural, social, human, physical and financial, are now being addressed in the literature : Natural capital Social capital Human capital Physical capital Financial capital. Diunduhdari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012

39. AN ASSETS-BASED MODEL FOR SUSTAINABILITY Natural capital produces nature’s goods and services, and comprises food (both farmed and harvested or caught from the wild), wood and fibre; water supply and regulation; treatment, assimilation and decomposition of wastes; nutrient cycling and fixation; soil formation; biological control of pests; climate regulation; wildlife habitats; storm protection and flood control; carbon sequestration; pollination; and recreation and leisure. Social capital yields a flow of mutually beneficial collective action, contributing to the cohesiveness of people in their societies. The social assets comprising social capital include norms, values and attitudes that predispose people to cooperate; relations of trust, reciprocity and obligations; and common rules and sanctions mutually-agreed or handed-down. These are connected and structured in networks and groups. Human capital is the total capability residing in individuals, based on their stock of knowledge skills, health and nutrition. It is enhanced by their access to services that provide these, such as schools, medical services, and adult training. People’s productivity is increased by their capacity to interact with productive technologies and with other people. Leadership and organisational skills are particularly important in making other resources more valuable. Physical capital is the store of human-made material resources, and comprises buildings (housing, factories), market infrastructure, irrigation works, roads and bridges, tools and tractors, communications, and energy and transportation systems, that make labour more productive. Financial capital is accumulated claims on goods and services, built up through financial systems that gather savings and issue credit, such as pensions, remittances, welfare payments, grants and subsidies. Diunduhdari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012

40. AN ASSETS-BASED MODEL FOR SUSTAINABILITY The basic premise is that sustainable systems, whether farms, firms, communities, or economies, accumulate stocks of these five assets, thereby increasing the per capita endowments of all forms of capital over time. But unsustainable systems deplete or run down these various forms, spending assets as if they were income, and so leaving less for future generations. Diunduhdari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012

41. AN ASSETS-BASED MODEL FOR SUSTAINABILITY The assets-based model shows how farms and rural livelihoods take inputs of various types, including renewable assets, and transform these to produce food and other desirable outputs. These can be processed for home consumption, transformed through value-added processes for sale, or sold directly as raw product. The inputs are shown as: Renewable natural capital – soil, water, air, biodiversity etc; Social and participatory processes – including both locally embedded and externally-induced social capital, and partnerships and linkages between external organisations; New technologies, knowledge and skills – both regenerative (eg legumes, natural enemies) and non-renewable (eg hybrid seeds, machinery); Non-renewable or fossil-fuel derived inputs (eg fertilizers, pesticides, antibiotics); Finance – credit, remittances, income from sales and grants. Availability and access to these five inputs is shaped by a wide range of contextual factors (on the far left). These include unchanging ones (at least over the short-term), such as climate, agro-ecology, soils, culture; and dynamic economic, social, political and legal factors shaped by external institutions and policies. These contextual factors are an important entry point for shaping and influencing agricultural systems (such as national policies, markets, trade). Diunduhdari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012

42. AN ASSETS-BASED MODEL FOR SUSTAINABILITY The Modernisation of Agriculture The process of agricultural modernisation during the 20th century has produced three distinct types of agriculture: industrialised, `Green Revolution’, and all that remains - the pre-modern, `traditional’ or `unimproved'. The first two types have been able to respond to modern technological packages, producing highly productive systems of agriculture. Diunduhdari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012

43. AN ASSETS-BASED MODEL FOR SUSTAINABILITY Sustainable Agriculture A more sustainable farming seeks to make the best use of nature’s goods and services whilst not damaging the environment. It does this by integrating natural processes such as nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, soil regeneration and natural enemies of pests into food production processes. It also minimises the use of non-renewable inputs (pesticides and fertilizers) that damage the environment or harm the health of farmers and consumers. It makes better use of the knowledge and skills of farmers, so improving their self-reliance. And it seeks to make productive use of social capital - people’s capacities to work together to solve common management problems, such as pest, watershed, irrigation, forest and credit management Diunduhdari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012

44. Sustainable Agriculture Increase Decrease Soil erosion Soil salinization Aquifer depletion Overgrazing Overfishing Loss of biodiversity Loss of prime cropland Food waste Subsidies for unsustainable farming and fishing Population growth Poverty High-yield polyculture Organic fertilizers Biological pest control Integrated pest management Irrigation efficiency Perennial crops Crop rotation Use of more water- efficient crops Soil conservation Subsidies for more sustainable farming and fishing Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

45. Apa yang dapatdilakukan ? Sustainable Agriculture Pangan minim limbah Mengurangikonsumsidaging Feed pets balanced grain foods instead of meat Use organic farming to grow some of your food Membelibahanpanganorganik Kompostinglimbahmakanan Diunduhdari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012

46. KETAHANAN SUMBERDAYA ALAM DAN PANGAN smno.psdl.ppsub DEGRADASI LAHAN

47. DEGRADASI LAHAN PERTANIAN

48. DEGRADASI LAHAN Degradasilahanmerupakanprosesmenurunnyakualitasdankuantitassuatulahan yang meliputiaspekfisikatanah, kimiatanah, biologitanah, padasuatubidanglahantertentu. Dalampraktekbudidayapertaniansendiriseringakanmenimbulkandampakpadadegradasilahan. Duafaktorpentingdalamusahapertanian yang potensialmenimbulkandampakpadasumberdayalahan, yaitutanamandanmanusia (sosiokultural) yang menjalankanpertanian. Faktor AKTIVITAS manusiadapatmemberikandampakpositipataunegatippadasuatulahan, tergantungpadaaktivitaspengelolaanpertanian yang dilakukan. Apabiladalammenjalankanpertaniannyabenarmakaakanberdampakpositip, namunapabilacaramenjalankanpertaniannyasalahmakaakanberdampaknegatif. Kegiatanbudidayapertanian yang  menimbulkandampakantara lain meliputikegiatanpengolahantanah, penggunaansaranaproduksi yang tidakramahlingkungan (pupukdaninsektisida) sertasistembudidayatermasukpolatanam yang merekagunakan. Tigafaktorpenyebabdegradasitanahakibatcampurtanganmanusiasecaralangsung, yaitu : pertanianintensif, pembukaantambang, deforestasi. Faktor-faktortersebutdi Indonesia padaumumnyaterjadisecarasimultan, berikutadalahpembahasandariketigadegradasipadatigabidang. Diunduhdari: http://andikks.blogspot.com/2012/06/degradasi-lahan_05.html……… 24/12/2012

49. DEGRADASI LAHAN • DEGRADASI LAHAN PERTANIAN • Aktivitasbudidayapertaniandapatmenyebabkandampaknegatifpadasumberdayalahan. • Erosidanpencemarantanahterjadiakibatbudidayapertanian yang melampauidayadukungtanah. Penggunaanbahan-bahanagrokimia yang berlebihandapatmencemarilingkungandanmengganggukelestariankualitastanah. Cara-carabudidayapertanian yang tidakmengindahkankaidahkaidahkonservasilahanmenyebabkankualitaslahanmenurunsejalandenganhilangnyalapisantanahsuburakibaterosidanpencucianhara. • Kegiatanpembangunan yang berpotensimenimbulkandampakterhadapdegradasilahanantara lain kegiatandeforesterisasi, industri, pertambangan, perumahan, dankegiatanpertaniansendiri. Apabilakegiatantersebuttidakdikeloladenganbaik, makaakanmengakibatkanterjadinyadegradasilahanpertanian yang mengancamkeberlanjutanuasahatanidanketahananpangan. Olehkarenanya, dalamkegiatanpembangunanhendaknyaharusdipikirkankeberlanjutannyadimasamendatang (sustainabilitas). • Praktekbudidayapertanianseringmengakibatkandegradasilahan. Kegiatanbudidayapertanian yang menimbulkandampaknegatifantara lain meliputikegiatanpengolahantanah, penggunaansaranaproduksi yang tidakramahlingkungan (pupukdanpestisida), sertasistembudidayatermasukpolatanam yang tidaktepat. Diunduhdari: http://andikks.blogspot.com/2012/06/degradasi-lahan_05.html……… 24/12/2012

50. DEGRADASI LAHAN • Barrow (1991) merincifaktor-faktorutamapenyebabdegradasilahan : • 1)        Bahayaalami • 2)        Perubahanjumlahpopulasimanusia • 3)        Marjinalisasitanah • 4)        Kemiskinan • 5)        Status kepemilikantanah • 6)        Ketidakstabilanpolitikdanmasalahadministrasi • 7)        Kondisisosialekonomi • 8)        Masalahkesehatan • 9)        Praktekpertanian yang tidaktepat, dan • 10)    Aktifitaspertambangandanindustri. • Degradasilahanadatigaaspek, yaitu : aspekfisik. kimiadanbiologi. • Degradasifisikterdiridaripemadatan, pengerakan, ketidakseimbangan air, terhalangnyaaerasi, aliranpermukaan, danerosi. • Degradasikimiawiterdiridariasidifikasi, pengurasanunsurhara, pencucian, ketidakseimbanganunsurharadankeracunan, salinisasi, danalkalinisasi. • Degradasibiologismeliputipenurunankarbonorganiktanah, penurunankeanekaragamanhayatitanah, danpenurunankarbonbiomas. Diunduhdari: http://pinterdw.blogspot.com/2012/06/penyebab-degradasi-lahan.html……… 24/12/2012