Chapter

1. 1 Chapter The Internationalization Process Key Points Rationale Process Dimensions Course Content Overview

2. MOS 4404 International Enterprise • Professor: Trevor Hunter • Office: FB 303 • Office Hours: Tues. 1:30-3:30pm • Office Phone: 519-433-0041 ext. 4338 • Class Times: Tuesdays 10:30-11:30 (Lec.) Thursdays 10:30-12:30 (Case)

3. Teaching Methodology • Combination of lectures and cases • Lectures on Tuesdays, Cases on Thursdays • Cases based on lecture topics used to reinforce learning • Required Text: International Management, Beamish, Morrison, Inkpen & Rosenzwieg, 2003, 5th edition

4. Student Evaluation Individual work – Case write-ups (two) – 35% Group Consulting Report (one) – 45% Individual class participation (ongoing) – 20% • No mid-term test or final exam – poor way to evaluate performance • Integrative Consulting Report - a much better way of measuring understanding

5. Course Purposes • Course Perspective: • Globalization is the pervasive force in our world and the mechanism through which globalization occurs is the MNC • Important to examine and understand how and why MNCs are created and what they do

6. Course Purposes • Examine and understand how to manage MNCs, globalization and the associated functions of international business • Examine and understand the forces that affect MNC operations and performance • Learn how to decide when and why a firm should internationalize and the optimal place to go

7. Rationale • Firms become international in scope for a variety of reasons: • Desire for continued growth • Unsolicited foreign orders • Domestic market saturation, • Potential to exploit a new technological advantage • The dominant reason relates to performance

8. Process • Internationalization is the process by which • Firms increase their awareness of the influence of international activities on their future • Establish and conduct transactions with firms from other countries.

9. Process • International transactions can influence a firm’s future in both direct and indirect ways. Business decisions made in one country, regarding such things as foreign investments and partnership arrangements, can have significant impact on a firm in a different country—and vice versa. The impact of such decisions may not be immediately and directly evident.

10. Process • Development of an awareness and appreciation for the role of foreign competition becomes integral • This is key due to the “Liability of Foreignness” firms often face when entering new markets • Opportunities exist to turn the liability into an asset.

11. Dimensions of Internalization • Internationalization has both inward-looking and outward-looking dimensions. • The outward-looking perspective incorporates an awareness of the nature of competition in foreign markets

12. Dimensions of Internalization (cont.) • Includes the following modes of activities: • Exporting. • Acting as licensor to a foreign company. • Establishing joint ventures outside the home country with foreign companies. • Establishing or acquiring wholly owned businesses outside the home country.

13. Partially Owned Wholly Owned (3) Acquisition Existing Business (1) Capital Participation New Business (2) Joint Venture (4) Greenfield Dimensions of Internalization (cont.) • Similar to the Sequential Approach theory of internationalization: • As firms build confidence, experience and success:

14. Dimensions of Internalization (cont.) • Not all firms do or can follow the sequential process of internationalization: • Dependent upon industrial and environmental conditions • Need to coordinate operations in many countries and many value chain activities

15. Dimensions of Internalization (cont.) • Internationalization affects firms in equally important ways from an inward perspective. • The related modes of activity include: • Importing/sourcing. • Acting as licensee from a foreign company. • Establishing joint ventures (JVs) inside the home country with foreign companies. • Managing as the wholly owned subsidiary of a foreign firm

16. Dimensions of Internalization (cont.) • Many firms have an appreciation of the global environment but do not seek out international opportunities in countries that differ greatly • Questions to explore: • What products/services can be “global”? • How can a firm know if it has a globally competitive product? • How can the firm successfully take a product global?

17. Dimensions of Internalization (cont.) • Internationalizing is • Complex • Difficult • Risky • Uncertain • Time consuming • But . . . it can be done and have huge rewards!

18. Course Content Overview • The Global Business Environment • The World of International Trade • Learning how to find an appropriate location for international expansion • What makes risks, opportunities, compatibility etc. • Understanding the international trade environment • STEP analysis • Comparative and competitive advantage

19. Course Content Overview • Managing Export Operations • To where should the firm expand? • What is the best way to enter a market?

20. Course Content Overview • Global Sourcing Strategy • Is it better to import a good/service or purchase or produce locally? • From where? • Degree of integration vs. importing • Organization structure – one plant or many, related or autonomous? • Where should R&D be located?

21. Course Content Overview • Licensing • Opportunity to leverage technology without costs of production and distribution • Core vs. periphery • Risks?

22. Course Content Overview • The Design and Management of International Joint Ventures • Why do them? • Advantages vs. risks • Types of cooperation • Guidelines for successful design and management

23. Course Content Overview • International Strategy Formulation • How do MNCs formulate product/market strategy to maximize international competitiveness? • Conflicting pressures to achieve global efficiencies and be locally responsive • Keeping on track despite all the environmental influences and uncertainty

24. Course Content Overview (cont.) • The Evolving Multinational • How do MNCs change over time and in response to environmental factors? • “Base-of-the-pyramid” marketing

25. Course Content Overview (cont.) • The Global Manager • Managing the New Global Workforce • Developing and leveraging global strategic skills • Manage change, transition, cultural diversity • Work in flexible structures • Fostering and leveraging diversity

26. Course Content Overview (cont.) • Strengthening International Government Relations • Non-market strategy – a key resource in overcoming the liability of foreignness • Opportunities exist to turn the liability into an asset