Ch. 14 The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia 1415-1796

1. Ch. 14 The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia 1415-1796

2. The Motivations to Explore • Control trade of an area for items • Spices, medicines, perfumes • Curiosity beginning in the Renaissance • Marco Polo, invention of printing press • Later, religion or “mask” of religion becomes factor

3. Prince Henry the Navigator 1415 • Begins school of navigators and cartographers • Chief goal is to explore and eventually sail around Africa • Motivation to • Spread Christianity to Africa • Convert sources of Muslim traders riches for Portugal • 1488, Bartholomeu Dias rounds tip of Africa around Cape of Good Hope

4. Typical Explorer Identity • Searching for wealth, fame, and/or fortune • Suffers hardships on long journeys to newly discovered territory • Finds “new lands” • Negotiates “treaties” with native groups • Begins profitable trade for Europeans • Start of European Imperialism around the world

5. Key Improvements to Sailing • Better compass • Improved mapmaking • Faster ships • Astrolabes- applied to shipping

6. Columbus Reaches the Americas • As the Portuguese sailed East toward Asia, the Spanish wanted to share in the trade and wealth from Asia • In 1492, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella agreed to finance, or pay for a voyage by Christopher Columbus • On August 1492, Columbus set sail with three vessels and a crew of 90 sailors • The Santa Maria, Nina and the Pinta were his three sailing ships.

7. October 11th, the sailors discovered land • This land was not the Indies but the Bahamas. • Columbus established the first Spanish colony in the Americas Hispaniola • A colony - a territory under the immediate political control of a distant country • Native Americans on the island were called “Indos” • Columbus did not realize he was in the West Indies, not the East

8. Columbus met the Tainos • Columbus promised Queen Isabella that in another trip he could convert the Indians to Christianity and enslave them • He claimed the land and enslaved the Taino

9. The Spanish Cross the Pacific • In 1511 the Spanish settled in the Caribbean Islands • Columbus had conquered Puerto Rico, Jamaica and Cuba

10. In 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa reached the Pacific Ocean • He claimed the Pacific Ocean for Spain

11. In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan sailed across the Pacific Ocean around the tip of South America • Europeans became aware of the true size of the world.

12. In 1522, one ship and 18 sailorscircumnavigated, or sail completely around the world • Only one ship from Magellan’s fleet returned home to Spain in 1522 • First to circumnavigate the globe.

13. Routes to find the riches of Asia • East around Africa • West through Central America • Northwest Passage through North America • South through Straits of Magellan (South America) • 1497 Vasco da Gama follows Dias and rounds tip of Africa to India • Portuguese create ports on coast of India

14. Dividing the globe • 1493 Ferdinand and Isabella in Spain push Pope to set a Line of Demarcation • Line splits non-European world between Portugal/Spain • Treaty of Tordesillas- signed in 1494 between Spain/Portugal splitting world between two empires

15. Portuguese Influence Spreads in Africa • Set up posts around continent • Collect water, food, and supplies • Began attacking existing cities: Mombassa and Malindi • Main goal was to get to India

16. Portuguese Trading Posts • Traded muskets, tools, and cloth for gold, ivory, hides, and slaves • Left forts to supply and defend their ships, not to start colonies • Set up to expel Arabs in East African trade network (avoiding middleman) • Portuguese never ventured very far from the coast

17. New Era Begins:African Slave Trade 1500’s-1600’s • Slaves had been in every major society in world history • Plantations: large estates run by an owner or an owner’s overseer • Servants could also be purchased for wealthy European families • African tribes did the dirty work • Brought captives to trade as slaves to Europeans • In return, they receive textiles, metal work, rum, tobacco, weapons, and gunpowder

18. Affonso I • Affonso I, ruler of the Kongo objected to the slave trade • 1505 after becoming King calls in Portuguese to help Kongo become Christian • Wanted to end the slave trade (pg. 456) King Affonso I 1456-1545

19. WHO CONTROLS THE SLAVE TRADE?New African States Arise • Asante Kingdom Late 1600’s • Present day Ghana • United by Osei Tutu • Resisted Denkyera Kingdom by proclaiming “a right to rule from heaven” • Government officials chosen by birth managing gold mining and the slave trade

20. Monopoly: exclusive control of a business or industry • Asante monopolize slave trade with Europeans • Play Europeans against one another • Oyo Empire • Present-day Nigeria • Late 1600’s, leaders use slave trade wealth to build an army

21. Decline of Portuguese- Arrival of Dutch, British, and French • 1600’s Portuguese power declines with arrival of Dutch, British, and French in the region • 1652 Dutch found Cape Town • Settled by the Boers • Mid 1600’s, British and French meet present day Senegal • 1788 British establish African Association to sponsor explorers to Africa

22. Portugal Builds an Eastern Empire • After Vasco da Gama’s voyage, Afonso de Albuquerque led the Portuguese into the Indian Ocean • Muslim ruled Mughal Empire controlled the region • Princes in Southern India turn to side of the Portuguese

23. More Outposts • 1510 Goa becomes a major Portuguese military and commercial base • Muslims become target of Portuguese • Fall of Malacca in 1511 sees Muslim massacre • Extension of outposts from East Africa to India allows spice trade to be controlled by Portuguese • Portuguese focus on turning Muslims to Christianity

24. Rise of the Dutch • Cape Town (South Africa) was first Dutch colony • By 1599, Dutch use Cape Town and other settlements/colonies/outposts to gain influence Dutch East India Company Routes

25. Dutch East India Company • 1602 formed by wealthy merchants and controlled by government • Could build armies, wage war, negotiate treaties and govern overseas territory • 1641 take Malacca from Portuguese • Set up trade with China and monopolize Spice Islands

26. Close Ties with Locals • Dutch close to local rulers • Intermarriage takes place • Dutch hold Indonesian power until 1900’s • French and British come to control Souteast Asia in 1700’s Emergence of Spanish • 1521 Magellan (before he dies) claims Philippines for Spain • Division of Philippines allows easy conversion by missionaries to Christianity • Philippines used as base to extend Spanish trade • Silver from South America to China

27. Mughal Empire (India) Begins Decline • Through 1600’s, Mughal controlled powerful Indian Empire • Exported spices, large quantities of silk and cotton cloth, and other luxury goods • Religious differences (Muslims vs. Hindus) caused decline of power • European influence seeps in region • Corruption destroys empire • European powers create East Indian companies to control trade and government in region • Sepoys- Indian soldiers • Companies use sepoy armies to dominate region

28. Indian Armies British army blowing Sepoy mutineers from guns in 1857

29. Matteo Ricci 1583-1610 In spirit of Marco Polo, Matteo Ricci comes to China in 1583 Adopts Chinese dress and customs over 30 years Translates European books into Chinese Extends Europes knowledge of China

30. European Contact with Ming China 1514 Portuguese ships reach China from Malacca Europeans were considered barbarians Silks and porcelains were preferred products Chinese wanted gold/silver in return

31. Macao (present day Guangshou) becomes post for Portuguese and later Dutch, English, etc. trading Trading supervised by imperial officials Jesuit arrival led by Ricci expands contact between two societies

32. The Manchu Conquest Early 1600’s, Ming Dynasty was in decay Manchus push through the Great Wall to seize Bejing in 1644 Qing (ching) Dynasty emerges Qing ruled through local governments of Chinese backed by military might

33. Brilliant Qing Rulers Kangxi, Qing Emperor Kangxi (kahngshee)1622-1722: Extends Chinese power into Central Asia Qianlong (chyahnlung) 1736-1796: Grandson of Kangxi; expands nation to largest area in nation’s history Qianlong, Qing Emperor

34. Rule of the Qing Economy grows with introduction of new products (potatoes, corn) Population rises from 140-300million (1740-1800) 1793 Lord Macartney (Great Britain) arrives with western products for trade Macartney insults Chinese and they choose not to negotiate trade

35. Korea and Japan 1592 and 1597 Japan invades Korea Koreans had before maintained contacts all the way to the Mediterranean Japanese burn villages, famine and disease result seeing population drop 1636 Qing invade Koreans begin isolation period

36. Japanese Welcome Outsiders Tokugawa shoguns began to centralize power and impose order Europeans arrive in 1543 (Portuguese) Japanese welcome Christianity and printing press With as many as 300,000 Japanese Christians and Spain seizing the Philipines, shoguns become hostile

37. By 1638, Shoguns had persecuted Christians, barred Europeans, and banned foreign travel • This begins 200 years of foreign isolation

38. Chapter 14 Vocabulary