AS / A Level Sport and Physical Education Aggression in Sport

1. AS / A Level Sport and Physical Education Aggression in Sport

2. Index 3 - AGGRESSION IN SPORT ASSERTIVE PLAY / HOSTILE / INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION 4 - CAUSES OF AGGRESSION PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL / UNDERDEVELOPED MORAL REASONING / BRACKETED MORALITY / SPECIFIC CAUSES 5 - THEORIES OF AGGRESSION INSTINCT THEORY / FRUSTRATION AGGRESSION THEORY SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY / AGGRESSIVE CUE HYPOTHESIS 6 - SPECTATOR AGGRESSION 7 - RESPONSIBILITY FOR AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR 8 - PREVENTION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR GOVERNING BODY 9 - PREVENTION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR COACHES / PLAYERS INDEX

3. ASSERTIVE PLAY no intent to harm legitimate force within the rules unusual effort unusual energy sometimes called channelled aggression HOSTILE AGGRESSION intent to harm goal is to harm arousal and anger involved INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION intent to harm goal to win used as a tactic ‘dirty play’ no anger illegal in all sports except boxing Aggression AGGRESSION IN SPORT

4. PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL anger towards another person causing an increase in arousal highly motivated UNDERDEVELOPED MORAL REASONING players with low levels of moral reasoning more likely to be aggressive BRACKETED MORALITY double standard condoning aggressive behaviour may retard players’ moral development ‘aggression is wrong in life, but OK in sport’ SPECIFIC CAUSES high environmental temperature home or away embarrassment losing pain unfair officiating playing below capability large score difference low league standing later stage of play (near the end of a game) reputation of opposition (get your retaliation in first) Aggression CAUSES OF AGGRESSION

5. INSTINCT THEORY aggression is innate and instinctive caused by survival of the species sport releases built up aggression, catharsis Lorentz FRUSTRATION AGGRESSION THEORY aggression caused by frustration the person being blocked in the achievement of a goal this causes a drive towards the source of frustration Dollard SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY aggression is learned by observation of other’s behaviour then imitation of this aggressive behaviour this is then reinforced by social acceptance of the behaviour Bandura AGGRESSIVE CUE HYPOTHESIS frustration causes anger and arousal this creates a readiness for aggression which can be initiated by an incident during the performance (the cue) this is a learned response example : a player sees a colleaguefouled then decides to join in Berkowitz Aggression THEORIES OF AGGRESSION

6. Aggression SUPPORTERS can help prevent aggression by avoid showing aggression avoid advocating aggression SPECTATOR AGGRESSION • SPECTATOR AGGRESSION caused by • player aggression • poor or biased officials • alcohol • racial or national abuse • adult male crowd

7. Aggression RESPONSIBILITY FOR AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR

8. GOVERNING BODY code of conduct coaches players officials use of strong officials use of rules of games punishment (remove league points) sin bins reward non-aggressive acts (FIFA fair play award) use of language reduce media sensationalism coach education programme Aggression PREVENTION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR

9. Aggression COACHES / PLAYERS promote ethical behaviour promote sporting behaviour control aggressive behaviour stress management strategies / relaxation techniques self control strategies reduce levels of arousal maintain a healthy will to win without winning being everything set performance goals rather than outcome goals remove players from field if at risk of aggression enable channelling of aggression towards a performance goal use peer pressure ‘avoid letting the side down’ PREVENTION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR