Jerusalem Temple Mount and Western Wall

1. JerusalemTemple Mount and Western Wall

2. Brief History of Jerusalem • Abraham’s faith was tested as God instructed him to bring his son Isaac to Mount Moriah to be sacrificed in worship to God. Mount Moriah is assumed to be the Jerusalem’s Temple Mount. (Genesis 22:1-19) • The first settlement on the site of Jerusalem was small Jebusite (pre-Israelite tribe ) city that is mentioned in Egyptian texts of the 20th century BC. • Centuries later King David captured the city and made it his capital and brought the Ark of the Covenant here (2 Samuel 5-6) • King Solomon extended the boundaries of the city and began construction of the First Temple (950 BC). (2Chronicles 3) After Israel divided into two kingdoms, Jerusalem became capital of Judah. • In 586 Jerusalem feel to Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, and the city and Temple were destroyed. The people of Israel were exiled to Babylonia. A Second Temple was rebuilt upon the people’s return in 445BC under the leadership of Nehemiah, governor of Judah. (Nehemiah 2-3)

3. Nehemiah 2 In the month of Nisan, in the twentieth year of King Artaxerxes, when wine was served to him, I carried the wine and gave it to the king. Now, I had never been sad in his presence before. 2So the king said to me, ‘Why is your face sad, since you are not sick? This can only be sadness of the heart.’ Then I was very much afraid. 3I said to the king, ‘May the king live for ever! Why should my face not be sad, when the city, the place of my ancestors’ graves, lies waste, and its gates have been destroyed by fire?’ 4Then the king said to me, ‘What do you request?’ So I prayed to the God of heaven. 5Then I said to the king, ‘If it pleases the king, and if your servant has found favour with you, I ask that you send me to Judah, to the city of my ancestors’ graves, so that I may rebuild it.’ 6The king said to me (the queen also was sitting beside him), ‘How long will you be gone, and when will you return?’ So it pleased the king to send me, and I set him a date. 7Then I said to the king, ‘If it pleases the king, let letters be given me to the governors of the province Beyond the River, that they may grant me passage until I arrive in Judah; 8and a letter to Asaph, the keeper of the king’s forest, directing him to give me timber to make beams for the gates of the temple fortress, and for the wall of the city, and for the house that I shall occupy.’ And the king granted me what I asked, for the gracious hand of my God was upon me.9 Then I came to the governors of the province Beyond the River, and gave them the king’s letters. Now the king had sent officers of the army and cavalry with me. 10When Sanballat the Horonite and Tobiah the Ammonite official heard this, it displeased them greatly that someone had come to seek the welfare of the people of Israel.

4. So I came to Jerusalem and was there for three days. 12Then I got up during the night, I and a few men with me; I told no one what my God had put into my heart to do for Jerusalem. The only animal I took was the animal I rode. 13I went out by night by the Valley Gate past the Dragon’s Spring and to the Dung Gate, and I inspected the walls of Jerusalem that had been broken down and its gates that had been destroyed by fire. 14Then I went on to the Fountain Gate and to the King’s Pool; but there was no place for the animal I was riding to continue. 15So I went up by way of the valley by night and inspected the wall. Then I turned back and entered by the Valley Gate, and so returned. 16The officials did not know where I had gone or what I was doing; I had not yet told the Jews, the priests, the nobles, the officials, and the rest that were to do the work.

5. 17 Then I said to them, ‘You see the trouble we are in, how Jerusalem lies in ruins with its gates burnt. Come, let us rebuild the wall of Jerusalem, so that we may no longer suffer disgrace.’ 18I told them that the hand of my God had been gracious upon me, and also the words that the king had spoken to me. Then they said, ‘Let us start building!’ So they committed themselves to the common good. 19But when Sanballat the Horonite and Tobiah the Ammonite official, and Geshem the Arab heard of it, they mocked and ridiculed us, saying, ‘What is this that you are doing? Are you rebelling against the king?’ 20Then I replied to them, ‘The God of heaven is the one who will give us success, and we his servants are going to start building; but you have no share or claim or historic right in Jerusalem.’

6. Bible Study • What caused Nehemiah to be saddened? What was his request to the king? • “but there was no place for the animal I was riding to continue (2:14)” This implies that the gates into the city had crumbled. Why did Nehemiah want to rebuild the city walls? • Nehemiah realised that he could not rebuild the whole city. Instead, he selected an area to surround with walls. It was a smaller area than the city used to be. But it was the most important part of the city. It included the *temple and the most ancient parts of the city. • What was Nehemiah hoping to accomplish in rebuilding Jerusalem? What hope was his leadership providing to the people of Israel? • What might we learn from this story of Nehemiah to help us ‘rebuild’ the church today?

7. History of Jerusalem Continued… • Occupied by the Greeks in 333BC, Alexander the Great allowed the Jews to maintain their religion, yet the Hellenistic culture was despised by many Jews. • Emperor Antiochus Ephanes IV proclaimed himself divine, and prohibited practice of Judaism, which lead to the Maccabean Revolt in 165BC. • Jerusalem was conquered by the Romans around 63 BC under leadership of General Pompey and 25 years later Herod the Great ruled the city. Herod expanded the Temple Mount to its present form. Upon the death of Herod, the Romans resumed direct control, installing a procurator to administer the city. Pontius Pilate was the fifth procurator. • The first revolt by the Jews against Romans began in 66AD. The Second Temple was ramsackedaround 70AD by Roman General Titus. • Jews rebelled again, wining control of Judea and Samaria and for two and a half years Jerusalem was again its capital, The Emperor Hadrian had city completely destroyed in 132 AD. On its ashes Hadrian erected a Roman Colony AeliaCapitolina, and forbade Jews to enter on pain of death. To blot out the name of Judea he renamed it Palestina and dispersed the Jewish people into exile. AeliaCapitolina is the foundation of today’s Old City Jerusalem. • Today, an Islamic Waqf, or religious committee, manages the Temple Mount, though Israel provides security and upholds decisions made by the waqfabout access to the site. • For Jews, visiting the Temple Mount is a very controversial subject- both in terms of religious allowance and because non-Muslim prayer is prohibited at the site. Although freedom of access to the site is enshrined as law, Israel does not allow non-Muslim prayer on the Mount so as not to offend Muslim worshippers. Beyond this, many rabbi's say that since the Jewish Temple's Holy of Holies stood near the center of today today’s Temple Mount, Jews are religiously forbidden from entering the area.

8. Robinson’s ArchRobinson's Archonce supported a stair case that led toTempleMount. It was built during the reconstruction of the Second Temple. The arch is named after Biblical scholar Edward Robinson who identified its remnants in 1838. Today the considerable surviving portions of the ancient overpass complex may be viewed by public within the Jerusalem Archaeological Park.

9. Walls of the Temple

10. Teaching StepsRabbi’s and scholars would come to the steps of the Temple Mount to teach. Jesus likely taught on these steps

12. View from the steps of the Temple MountArabs can enter the Temple Mount through one of ten different Muslim-only gates from various sites in the Old City. Tourists and Jews are only allowed access to the site through the Mugribi Gate which is located just above the left of the Kotel, or Western Wall plaza

13. Remains of Jerusalem’s main street during the Second Temple period

14. Stones from the walls of the Temple Mount thrown onto the streets in 70 AD

15. Many believe that it was this corner of the Temple that the Devil brought Jesus in the second of the temptations

16. Ruins of Second Temple

19. Western WallWith Jerusalem reduced to rubble in 132 AD , all that was left of the temple was an outer, retaining wall of the precinct. Known for generations as the Wailing Wall, this became the Jews’ holiest place of prayer- the closest they could come to the site of the sacred temple. Since the re-unification of the city in 1976 it has been renamed the Western Wall

20. This is still a sacred site of prayer for Jews. Today Jews come here to celebrate. We witnessed numerous Bar-mitzvah. The wall is separated with women going in on one side and men on the other. The women would look over a wall to be a part of the Bar-mitzvah celebrations.

21. A Bar Mitzvah celebrationVideo

22. People write prayers on slips of paper and place them in the crevices of the wall

23. Video