Chapter 16 Politics and Reform

1. Chapter 16Politics and Reform Section 3 The Rise of Segregation

2. Resistance and Repression • After Reconstruction, most African Americans were sharecroppers, or landless farmers who had to give the landlord a large share of their crops to cover their costs for rent & farming supplies.

3. 1879 – Benjamin “Pap” Singleton organized a mass migration of A.A., called exodusters, from the rural South to Kansas. Exodus to Kansas

4. Forming a Separate Alliance • Some stayed in the South formed the Colored Farmers’ National Alliance. • Organization worked to help its members set up cooperatives. • Many joined the Populist Party.

5. Crushing the Populist Revolt • Threatened by the power of the Populist Party, Dem. leaders began using racism to try to win back the poor white vote in the South.

6. Disfranchising African Americans • Southern states used loopholes in the 15th Amendment and began to impose restrictions that barred almost all African Americans to vote. • 1890 – Mississippi required all citizens registering to vote to pay a poll tax, which most A.A. couldn’t afford to pay. • State also required a literacy test.

7. Disfranchising African Americans • Number of A.A. and poor whites registered to vote fell dramatically in the South. • To allow poor whites to vote, some states had a grandfather clause. • This clause allowed any man to vote if he had an ancestor on the voting rolls in 1867.

8. Legalizing Segregation • In the South, segregation, or separation of the races, was enforced by laws as Jim Crow laws. • 1883 – Supreme Court overturned the Civil Rights Act of 1875. • This meant that private organizations were free to practice segregation.

9. Legalizing Segregation • Plessy v. Ferguson – endorsed “separate but equal” for A.A. • Late 1800s, mob violence increased in the U.S. • B/w 1890 & 1899, hundreds of lynchings – executions w/o proper court proceedings – took place.

10. 1892 – Ida B. Wells began a crusade against lynching. She wrote articles & a book denouncing lynchings and mob violence. African American Response

11. Educator, urged fellow A.A.’s to concentrate on achieving economic goals rather than legal or political ones. Explained his views in the Atlanta Compromise. Booker T. Washington

12. He challenged the Atlanta Comp. Said white southerners ctd. to take away the civil rights of A.A., even though they were making progress in education and vocational training. He believed that A.A. had to demand the right to vote to gain equality. W.E.B. Du Bois

13. End of Chapter 16