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Pre-History

Pre-History. For 2,000,000 years humans lived in simple CLANS, practicing: Transhumance hunting and gathering 30-150 related individuals “Us vs. Them” mentality Alpha dominance What changed all this ca. 8,000 BCE?. Take Notes During Lectures!!!.

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Pre-History

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  1. Pre-History • For 2,000,000 years humans lived in simple CLANS, practicing: • Transhumance hunting and gathering • 30-150 related individuals • “Us vs. Them” mentality • Alpha dominance • What changed all this ca. 8,000 BCE?

  2. Take Notes During Lectures!!! • For a limited time I will supply you with outline note forms • Fill them in as we go. • You can use ANY handwritten notes, including the ones I just gave you, on quizzes. • Add to them as you read the text. • READING (by itself) IS NOTSTUDYING!!!!

  3. Agriculture • Ca. 8,000 BCE: • Rivers • Temperate Climate • Grains • Draft animals • POPULATION PRESSURE

  4. Geography • Geography determines how to feed people (economics) • Economics determines how people organize themselves (society) • Leaders of Societies create institutions to control things. • Religions • governments • Social classes • Etc.

  5. Commonalities Africa and Americas • Several areas where population pressure forced people into agriculture and trade • Africa: Songhai, Benin, Kongo • Americas: Aztec, Inca, Maya • These people were forced to create more complex societies: • Organized religion • Bureaucracies • Military • Infrastructure • RULERS!!!!

  6. African Empires Pre-Contact

  7. Songhai Empire ca. 1400

  8. Read more about African culture on pages 8-9 in your textbook

  9. Pre-Contact groups in the Western Hemisphere. Aztec Maya Inca

  10. Tenochtitlan

  11. Everywhere Else in the Americas • Clan based, • Transhumance hunting and gathering • 30-150 related individuals • “Us vs. Them” mentality • Alpha dominance • Or, slowly moving toward tribes, • And in certain geographic regions, even more slowly moving toward Confederations.

  12. Introduction State of Europe on the verge of Exploration and Colonization 1200 CE

  13. But FIRST—a few questions • What constitutes culture? • What constitutes a “civilization”? • Why was Europe so backward in 1200? • What caused it’s sudden leap forward by 1600? (Renaissance, Enlightenment, Humanism, Scientific Revolution, etc.) • What caused the “Age of Discovery”?

  14. Causes of Renaissance • Trade • Arab world ideas • Crusades • End of Black Death plagues • POPULATION PRESSURE

  15. Renaissance (guess the creator/person)

  16. Innovations derived from exploration • New foodstuffs: coffee, tea, potatoes, tomatoes, chocolate, squash, maize (yet another increase in lifespan and population pressure). • Improvements in shipbuilding, charting, navigation. • General stimulus to math, chemistry, astronomy, optics, physics, medicine, etc. • Further Nation building • Growth of towns, Middle Class, AND Mercantilism • Decline of Aristocracy • Beginning of the end of feudalism • QUESTIONING OF LONG HELD CONSERVATIVE BELIEFS

  17. Gutenberg Printing Press • 1455 at Mainz, Germany.

  18. Protestant Reformation: 16th century • Germany, Netherlands, England • Freedom from authority of Church • Reading Bible in common language • New thought and science were triggered • Northern Nations wanted to take power from the Catholic Pope. click Martin Luther

  19. Colonies: 1700s

  20. Slave Trade

  21. Spain and It’s colonies--Terms to know • Encomienda • Treaty of Tordesillas • Conquistadores • Cortez and Aztecs • Pizzaro and Inca • Mission System • Presidio • Black Legend

  22. Treaty of Tordesillas

  23. What’s with all the little rooms?

  24. Pueblo (Popés) Rebellion 1680

  25. England and It’s Colonies. REMEMBER:Colonials AREENGLISHMEN

  26. 3 Regions 1607-1700

  27. EARLY (1607-1640)English Settlement Terms to Know Chesapeake Bay (Va. Maryland) New England Pilgrims & Puritans John Winthrop Dissenters Anne Hutchinson Roger Williams Thomas Hooker King Philip’s War Colonies Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New Hampshire • Jamestown • Starving times • Joint Stock co. • John Smith • Indentured Servants • Southern colonies • Virginia (Chesapeake) • Maryland (Chesapeake) • N & S Carolina • Georgia

  28. Jamestown, VA (Chesapeake Bay) May 13, 1607: Arrival of 104 Male Settlers

  29. Jamestown Virginia (Southern)

  30. Jamestown, Va. Continued

  31. Virginia (Chesapeake/Southern) Continued • Initially, relatively good cooperation between the English and the Native Americans. • Until the English no longer needed the Natives. • Three Anglo-Powhatan Wars: 1610-14, 1622-32, 1644-46. Powhatan confederacy crumbled afterwards.

  32. Virginia: Native American Relations • The Jamestown colonists had landed in a Native American power struggle. • Powhatan, the leader of a powerful confederacy, hoped to get the English on his side. • The English could provide various militarily and economically useful goods. a drawing of a 17th century Virginia Native American

  33. Powhatan Confederacy

  34. Virginia (Chesapeake/Southern) Continued • John Rolfe found a profitable staple crop: tobacco. • Initially, tobacco was hugely successful. The crop shaped Virginia‘s way of life. • Tobacco was Land and Labor intensive. Dispersed plantations, not compact villages, and indentured servants and then slavery were the result.

  35. Population of Chesapeake Colonies: 1610-1750

  36. New England: Massachusetts (1620) • Pilgrims (Plymouth) • Separatists • wanted to separate from the Anglican Church • Mayflower Compact • 41 men drew up the agreement to outline laws to protect Pilgrims from “others”; signed on the Mayflower • 1620

  37. New England Plymouth: Survival Problems • The Pilgrims had arrived as family groups, ready to farm. • Also, the Native American population had been decimated by an epidemic introduced by European traders, so land was available. • However, The Pilgrims arrived in December, giving them no time to farm, just to build some shelter. • A starving time resulted. • Native’s, (decimated by disease, and internecine warfare), helped the Pilgrims survive in order to win over these strange “allies”.

  38. “A City Upon A Hill“ • Massachusetts was founded as a Christian utopia, outlined by John Winthrop in his sermon “A Model of Christian charity.” • The colony was to be based on strict Puritan theology, as an example to the old world.

  39. New England: Puritan Massachusetts (1630) • Came for ECONOMIC reasons as much as religious reasons • “cruel and Unusual” punishment??? • John Cotton: “Toleration is liberty to tell lies in the name of the Lord”. • You can tell a lot about a group by the names they give their children: • Constance – Increase • Joy From Above – Hope • Kill Sin – Wrestle With The Devil

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