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Socialization – The Family

Socialization – The Family. Evolutionary origins of the family unit The family unit The functions of the family The family as a social system The social systems view Why are social ties important? Socialization within the family Dimensions of parenting Warmth

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Socialization – The Family

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  1. Socialization – The Family • Evolutionary origins of the family unit • The family unit • The functions of the family • The family as a social system • The social systems view • Why are social ties important? • Socialization within the family • Dimensions of parenting • Warmth • Positive and negative control • Involvement • Parent-child interactions • Authoritative • Authoritarian • Permissive • Uninvolved • Changing family structure • Large to small families • Family size and parent-child interaction • Growing up with siblings • Only children • Family mobility • Divorce

  2. Functions Necessary for the Survival of Society(Winch, 1971) • Reproduction: • Replacement for dying members. • Economic Services: • Goods and services must be produced and distributed for the support of members. • Societal Order: • Procedures for reducing conflict and maintaining orderly relations among members. • Socialization: • The young must be trained to become competent, participating members. • Emotional Support: • Binding individuals together, harmonizing goals, dealing with emotional crises, fostering a sense of community, and so on.

  3. The Cost of Raising Children Source: Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives

  4. The Cost of Raising Children Source: Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives

  5. The Social Systems View ofFamily Socializaton • Bidirectional effects • Parents influence children and children influence parents • Bidirectional influences also affected by other family relationships • Mothers and fathers feel more competent as parents when the marital relationship is good • Forces within the family are dynamic • As child grows, nature of parental relation changes • Relationships within the family are viewed within the larger societal context • Interchanges occur between boundary of inner family and outer external world • Ex., Community connections are significant for the well-being of the family • Formal organizations – schools, daycares • Informal organizations – friends, neighbors • Strong ties between family and community serve as buffer for family stress

  6. Why are social ties effective buffers against family stress? • Provide parents with interpersonal acceptance. • Provide opportunities to exchange information, goods, and services. • Provide child-rearing controls and/or models. • Provide secondary adult influences.

  7. Dimensions of ParentingWarmth • Accepting and nurturing of child • Responsiveness, praise, expressions of positive emotions towards child • Warm parents are more successful at socializing children

  8. Dimensions of ParentingWarmth • Warmth and Comforting/Reparation Behavior • (Zahn-Waxler, Radke-Yarrow, & King, 1979)

  9. Dimensions of Parenting:Control • Positive aspects of control • Parents exercise appropriate control over child’s behaviour when have high expectations and they train child to meet those expectations • Parents should enforce rules of behavior consistently • Open communication between parents and children • Situation management – anticipate problematic situations and arrange them so appropriate behaviour by children is more likely • Negative aspects of control • Power assertion • Short term effects of power assertion • Long term effects of power assertion

  10. Dimensions of Parenting:Involvement • Defined by parental attitudes and behaviour • Highly involved parents are child-centered • Theoretically does not overlap with other dimension • In reality, high involvement linked to warmth and positive aspects of control

  11. Classification of Parenting Patterns (Baumrind, 1971, 1973) Diana Baumrind Authoritative: Children are buoyant, self-confident, and self-controlled Authoritarian: Preschoolers are unhappy and withdrawn, appear anxious in interactions with peers Permissive: Immature youngsters, overly demanding and dependent, explosive and disobediant when desires are thrwarted Uninvolved: By two years children show deficits in virtually all aspects of psychological functioning

  12. Changing Family Structure: Large to Small Families • Family size and parent-child interaction • Smaller families have favorable consequences for parent-child interaction • Increasing family size effects marital relation, discipline becomes more authoritarian • Growing up with siblings • Sibling rivalry • Siblings as an interactional context for children • Only children • Are only children disadvantaged socially and/or emotionally? • Advantages for only children

  13. Changing Family Structure: Family Mobility • Greater mobility since World War II • Relocating leads to disruptions in formal and informal ties to community • The circumstances surrounding relocation related to how easily the family adapts to new surroundings

  14. Changing Family Structure: Divorce • The effects of divorce • Impact on boys versus girls • The reconstituted family

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