ENEA in Figures: R&D Projects, International Co-operation, Outcomes … Mauro Basili Head of President’s Office

1. ENEA in Figures:R&D Projects, International Co-operation, Outcomes …Mauro Basili Head of President’s Office

2. ENEA is a public undertaking operating in the fields of energy, the environment and new technologies to support competitiveness and sustainable development. ENEA is mainly called upon: to promote and carry out basic and applied research and innovation technology activities to disseminate and transfer technologies, encouraging their use in productive and social sectors to provide high-tech services, studies, tests and evaluations to both public and private bodies and enterprises. Mission

3. Areas of competence • RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES • INNOVATIVE ENERGY CYCLES • SOLAR THERMO-DYNAMIC • HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS • NEW MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES • ADVANCED PHYSICS TECHNOLOGIES • THERMONUCLEAR FUSION TECHNOLOGIES • NUCLEAR FISSION TECHNOLOGIES

4. Areas of competence • BIOTECHNOLOGIES FOR FOOD INDUSTRIES • HEALTH AND ECOSYSTEMS PROTECTION • PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT • TERRITORY AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES • GLOBAL CLIMATE • RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT • PROTECTION FROM IONIZING RADIATIONS • COMPUTING AND MODELLING

5. Energy Technology and Efficiency Environment and Global Changes Nuclear Fusion and Fission Advanced Materials and Technologies Biotechnology and Health Protection ENEA in Figures Five R&D Depts, 12 R&D Centres in Italy, 1500 Researchers, €130 mill/yr R&D budget R&D and Technology Innovation;  Demonstration & Deployment;  Policy Analysis;  Support to Public & Private Organisations;  International Co-operation;  Technical Assistance to DCs;  Education & Training ...

6. R&D Projects and Topics Renewable and Distributed Energy Concentrating Solar Power Clean Coal  Bioenergy Next-generation Photovoltaics  Hydrogen and Fuel Cells  Nuclear Fusion  Superconductivity New Materials for Energy  Sustainable Use of Natural Resources  Kyoto Protocol and Global Change  Waste Management  Energy efficiency in buildings  Security of Energy Infrastructures  Mobility and Transport Technology support to conservation of Cultural Heritage, Health Protection and Food Quality

7. ENEA Patents Automation & Robotics 3% Accelerators & Plasma Physics 1% Laser 4% Nuclear isotopes 4% Measure tools & techniques 18% Informatics & Models 6% Science of Materials 9% Life Sciences Plant Engineering 12% and Biotech 15% Process Thermo-electro- Technology 14% Mechanics 14% 37 32 28 25 23 23 19 19 18 17 11 10 10 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Patents per Thematic Area Patents Trend over Time

8. International Co-operation Three Major Focuses • European Union Framework Programmes and a number of bilateral collaborations with EU countries • Global Partnerships and Co-operation Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum, International Partnership on Hydrogen Economy, Global Bio-energy Partnership, ITER Project, UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Implementing Agreements of the International Energy Agency … • Mediterranean and North-African Countries

9. Education &Training Top five nationalities Fellowships per continent Lat. America 14% Romania Oceania 1% 11% Cuba Russia Africa 4% 13% 38% Europe 56% China Asia 25% 15% India 23% Energy Technology & Efficiency 11% Physics 10% Environment & Global Change 9% Agro-Biotechnology, Health protection 17% Nuclear Fusion & Fission 19% Adv. Materials & Technology 34% International Fellowships Programme (32 nationalities represented in 2006-2007) Fellowships per thematic area

10. Sampling Successful Stories: • A New Approach to Concentrating Solar Power • Bio-energy Project • Cultural Heritage

11. ENEA Activities on CSP Technologies

12. ENEA Programme Main Strategic Choices Since 2001, a vigorous ENEA programme has been launched on two main subjects. Both activities are suitably funded and organised as large projects: Medium temperature (about 550°C) heat collection and storage, primarily intended for electricity production. High temperature (greater than 850°C) heat collection for direct hydrogen production. Actually 75 researchers are involved in the program, the budget until now has been 17 Ml €.

13. Solar collector Heat transfer fluid Receiving tube Heat storage The innovations in trough technology introduced by ENEA • ENEA design introduces relevant improvements to the current technology • The introduction of an adequate energy storage • The use of an alternative transfer fluid • A new solar collector design • An innovative receiving tube design 550°C Hot fluid Storage tanks 290°C Cold fluid Steam generator Power block

14. The thermal storage • Any mature energy producing technology must be available according to demand. • In the ENEA system twothermaltanks are includedtocompletely separate the heatcollectionphasefrom the heatusagephase. • Thermal storage process is very efficient (less than 1% loss per day). • Withmoltensaltmixturebetween 290 and 550 °C, 5 m3/MWh are required

15. kWh/m2 1750 1350 The “Archimede” project The plant is located nearby Siracusa, one of the most insolated Sicilians areas: 1725 kWh/m2 year Nominal electric power 760 MWe

16. The “Archimede” project A traditional oil electric generation plantwashererecentlyconverted in a moderncombinedcycleplant Nominal electric power 760 MWe

17. “Archimede” project: photographic reconstruction

18. The “Archimede” project: the systems integration

19. Conclusion • Solar energy has to play an important role in the future energy supply scenario particularly for the countries in the “sun belt” • ENEA has launched, more than 3 years ago, a vigorous research, development and demonstration program on concentrating solar energy in order to prepare the basis for solar energy massive utilization • The operation of the real scale test circuit is demonstrating the achievement of the main targets of the project • The “Archimede” project will hopefully start the realization of a number of solar systems using the ENEA technology • Solar Hydrogen production is really promising and the reasearch activity curried on in ENEA is creating the basis for the design and realization of the first pilot plant

20. La società dell’idrogeno Hydrogen: a great opportunity for the future Hydrogen is not an energy source but “just” an excellent energy vector.

21. Solar Thermodynamic Project CONCENTRATED SOLAR ENERGY THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLES THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES H20 O2 ELECTRIC ENERGY HYDROGEN

22. Growing Interest in ENEA CSP Emerging Countries • China: Visit of ENEA facilities and co-operation agreement in Sept. 2007 • Libya: Interest in small-scale demo plants for combined CSP and water desalination • United Arabian Emirates: Installation of combined CSP and water desalination plants • Other contacts with Algeria, India, Lebanon, Qatar, South Africa EU Framework Programme • Five projects in the process to be approved/funded by EU FP7 National R&D Programmes • Diasol Project - Combined generation of electricity and water desalination for rural off-grid communities in developing countries (Industry 2015 Programme financed by Italian Ministry of Economic Development)

23. Bio-energy Projects

24. Bio-Energy R&D • Biomass gasification systems for rural electrification • 2nd generation bio-ethanol from ligno-cellulosic materials: innovative feedstock pre-treatment • 2nd generation biofuels from micro-algae and bio-refineries (combined production of biofuels, heat & power and chemicals – feasibility studies)

25. Biomass Gasification • Gasification of Agriculture Waste • (ENEA and Liaoning Institute of Energy Resources, LIER - China) Innovative Gasification Plants for Rural Electrification • Fixed bed plant (30-80 kWe) • Fluidized bed plant (160 kWe) Both designed by ENEA and tested at Trisaia ENEA Labs, and at LIER Labs in Yingkou (China). Several units in operation • New, 1-MWt plant for high-quality gas (14 MJ/m³, 40% H2) for use in MCFC Fixed bed gasification plant built at Trisaia (Italy) and in Yingkou (China)

26. Ethanol from Cellulosic Feedstock • Bio-ethanol production from ligno-cellulosic feedstock Innovative process for feedstock pre-treatment and bio-conversion Pressurized, continuous-operation steam-explosion reactor • Small-scale 300 kg/hr (existing) • Demo-scale 2000 kg/hr (under design) • Industrial demo 25-30 kt/yr (in 4-5 yr) • Funded by the EU FP6 • International and industrial co-operation (EU, RISÖ, Budapest and Lund Univ., VTT, FIAT CRF) • Expression of interest from Egypt (Cairo University, Prof. Yasser Fami) Continuous Steam Explosion Prototype Plant ENEA Trisaia Labs - Italy

27. Bio-energy from Algae • Combined production of biofuels, energy & chemicals from algae • Estimated Potential: • Biomass yield: 100 t/ha-yr (30% oil) • CO2 mitigation: 200 t/ha-yr • Projected biodiesel cost $80/bbl • Projected plant cost $70,000/ha • Projected mitigation cost $ 30/t CO2 • Project Roadmap: • By 2010 Testing bioreactor technology • with different species in fresh & sea- • water (100 m2 lab-scale plant) • By 2012 Demo Plant (1 ha) with capacity: • 20 t biofuels per year • 200 t CO2 sequestration/yr Project Cost: € 30 mill. Sun light CO2 Algae Field Biomass Biofuels Bioplastics CHP

28. CULTURAL HERITAGE

30. Seismic risk, vibrating tables

31. Messa in sicurezza delle nicchie di Buddha Afghanistan Monitoraggio dell’Obelisco di San Giovanni in Laterano - Roma Consolidamento aree a rischio geologico – Minareto di Jam - Afghanistan

32. Messa in sicurezza del tamburo della cupola di S. Nicolò L’Arena - Catania

33. Rilevazione di bio - attacchi

34. Imaging Topological Radar Color (ITRC)

35. Realtà Virtuale: studio illuminazione

37. Rivestimenti ottici e film sottili