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Chapter XII: “cum” Clauses. “Cum” in Latin. We have already learned that cum is used as a preposition in Latin that is translated as with . Caesar cum suīs hostēs oppugnāvit . Caesar, along with his men, attacked the enemies. “Cum” in Latin.
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“Cum” in Latin • We have already learned that cum is used as a preposition in Latin that is translated as with. Caesar cumsuīshostēsoppugnāvit. Caesar, along with his men, attacked the enemies.
“Cum” in Latin • However, cum need not always be translated as a preposition. • It can act as a conjunction and can begin certain types of clauses. • ‘cum’ Temporal Clause • ‘cum’ Circumstantial Clause • ‘cum’ Causal Clause • ‘cum’ Concessive Clause
‘cum’ Temporal Clause • When one starts a clause with cum and the verb is in the indicative, cum is translated as when and the clause is called acum temporal clause. Mīlitēs ad campum accessērunt,cum signum datum est. The soldiers approached the plain, when the signal was given. CumCaesar hostem interfēcit, nostrī omnium malōrum oblītī sunt. WhenCaesar killed the enemy, our men forgot all evils.
‘cum’ Temporal Clause • cum can also be translated as whenever, whenever one of the two situations below occurs: Cum ClauseMain Clause • Perfect Indicative Present Indicative • Pluperfect Indicative Imperfect Indicative
‘cum’ Temporal Clause Cum mīlitēs in campō vīdī, magnopere timeō. Whenever I see soldiers on the plain, I fear greatly. Cum mīlitēs in campō vīderam, magnopere timēbam. Whenever I saw soldiers on the plain, I feared greatly. ***In both of these cases, the verb in the cum clauseis translated in the same tense as the verb from the main clause.
‘cum’ Circumstantial Clause • When one starts a clause with cum and the verb is in the subjunctive, cum is translated as when and the clause is called acum circumstantial clause. Caesar, cum loquerētur, ab inimīcīs interfectus est. Caesar, when he was speaking, was killed by (his) enemies. Regina, cum rex dormīret, suum amīcum pulchrum domum vocāvit. The queen, when the king was sleeping, called her handsome boyfriend to the house. N.B.: ‘cum’ circumstantials with the subjunctive only occur in the past tense.
Practice • Cicerō, cum aequam ōrātiōnem habuit, ā populō laudātur. • Cicero, whenever he gives a fair speech, is praised by the people. • Bonus fīlius habēbar cum patrī pāruerō. • I used to be considered a good son whenever I obeyed (my) father. • Cum hostēs tēla iaciunt, virtūte carentēs fugitis. • When the enemies throw spears, y’all, lacking virtue, flee.
‘cum’ Causal Clause • When one starts a clause with cum and the verb is in the subjunctive, cum can be translated as since/because and the clause is called acum causal clause. Pugnāre nōn possumcum gladiō caream. I am not able to fight since I lack a sword. Meī discipulī mē amant, cum melior magister sim! My students love me, since I am a rather good teacher!
‘cum’ Concessive Clause • When one starts a clause with cum and the verb is in the subjunctive, cum can be translated as although and the clause is called acum concessive clause. • Cum concessive clauses can sometimes we identified by the presence oftamen(still). Cicerō, cum in oppidō parvō nātus esset, Rōmae tamen vīvēbat. Cicero, although he had been born in a small town, stillused to live in Rome.
Translation Practice • Cum hostēs tēla iacerent, virtūte carentēs fugiēbātis. • Since the enemies were throwing spears, y’all, lacking virtue, were fleeing. • Cicerō, cum aequam ōrātiōnem habuerit, nōn tamen ā populō laudātus est. • Cicero, although he made a fair speech, still was not praised by the people. • Bonus fīlius habēbar cum patrī pāruissem. • I used to be considered a good son, since I had obeyed (my) father.
